Health risks associated with being underweight include which of the following? Select all that apply.

A. Breast milk contains antibodies, particularly immunoglobulin A (IgA), which help protect infants from infections such as respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses. This passive immunity is a key advantage of breastfeeding.

B. Breastfeeding reduces the infant’s exposure to potential contaminants, preservatives, or additives that may be present in formula or other foods. Breast milk is naturally sterile when produced and provides optimal nutrition.

C. While breastfeeding is legally protected in many places, public acceptance in American society varies and can still be a barrier for some mothers. Social acceptance is not a biological advantage of breastfeeding.

D. Harmful drugs, alcohol, and certain infections can be passed through breast milk. Mothers must be cautious with medications, substances, or illnesses that can affect the infant.

E. Breastfeeding increases maternal energy expenditure, which can help some mothers return to their pre-pregnancy weight more quickly. It also stimulates uterine contractions, which can aid postpartum recovery.

A. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend reducing sodium intake to help prevent hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Excess sodium is linked to elevated blood pressure, which increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. Guidelines suggest limiting sodium to less than 2,300 mg per day for adults and even lower for individuals at risk.

B. Reducing nutrient density is not recommended. In fact, the guidelines emphasize increasing nutrient-dense foods, meaning foods rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and other beneficial nutrients relative to calories, to support overall health.

C. The guidelines encourage choosing healthy fats, including polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, instead of saturated and trans fats. Decreasing polyunsaturated fats would contradict recommendations for heart-healthy dietary patterns.

D. Increasing intake of trans fats is strongly discouraged because trans fats raise LDL cholesterol, lower HDL cholesterol, and increase the risk of heart disease. The guidelines specifically recommend eliminating or minimizing trans fat intake.