How do steroid hormones typically exert their effects on target cells?
By blocking ion channels on the cell membrane.
By entering the cell and directly influencing gene expression.
By binding to cell surface receptors and activating second messenger systems.
By altering the pH of the target cell's cytoplasm.
The Correct Answer is B
A. By blocking ion channels on the cell membrane.: Blocking ion channels is a mechanism more typical of some neurotransmitters or drugs, not the usual action of steroid hormones.
B. By entering the cell and directly influencing gene expression.: Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, cross the cell membrane, bind intracellular receptors, and modulate transcription of target genes.
C. By binding to cell surface receptors and activating second messenger systems.: Binding cell-surface receptors and second-messenger activation is characteristic of peptide and many amine hormones, not steroid hormones.
D. By altering the pH of the target cell's cytoplasm.: Steroid hormones do not exert their effects by changing intracellular pH.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Negative feedback on the thyroid gland:Cushing's disease involves cortisol dysregulation and does not primarily disrupt negative feedback of the thyroid axis.
B. Positive feedback on the pituitary gland:Pituitary-driven Cushing's involves excess ACTH but the disrupted mechanism is not a physiological positive feedback loop on the pituitary.
C. Negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary:Elevated cortisol should suppress CRH and ACTH via negative feedback; in Cushing's disease this feedback loop is impaired because a pituitary adenoma continues to produce ACTH despite high cortisol.
D. Positive feedback on the adrenal cortex:The adrenal cortex responds to ACTH but physiological regulation of cortisol does not operate via positive feedback on the cortex.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH):GHRH from the hypothalamus stimulates growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary, not thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
B. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH):GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH, which regulate the gonads rather than TSH.
C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH):CRH triggers ACTH release from the anterior pituitary, which acts on the adrenal cortex, not TSH.
D. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH):TRH from the hypothalamus specifically stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH, which in turn acts on the thyroid gland.
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