How does propranolol (Inderal), a beta blocker medication, control hypertension?
Reduces the sympathetic stimulation in cardiac muscle
Increases the diuretic response in the renal tubules
Inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Blocks alpha receptors throughout the body
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: This is the correct mechanism of action of propranolol. Propranolol is a beta blocker medication, which means that it blocks the beta receptors in the heart and blood vessels. This reduces the sympathetic stimulation in cardiac muscle, which lowers the heart rate, contractility, and oxygen demand. This also reduces the renin release from the kidneys, which lowers the blood pressure.
Choice B reason: This is not the mechanism of action of propranolol. Propranolol does not increase the diuretic response in the renal tubules. This is the effect of diuretic medications, such as furosemide or hydrochlorothiazide, which increase the urine output and decrease the blood volume and pressure.
Choice C reason: This is not the mechanism of action of propranolol. Propranolol does not inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This is the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, such as lisinopril or enalapril, which block the formation of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that raises the blood pressure.
Choice D reason: This is not the mechanism of action of propranolol. Propranolol does not block alpha receptors throughout the body. This is the effect of alpha blockers, such as doxazosin or prazosin, which block the alpha receptors in the blood vessels and cause vasodilation, which lowers the blood pressure.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hereditary decrease in IgE responsiveness is not related to airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma. IgE is an antibody that binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells. A decrease in IgE responsiveness would reduce the allergic reaction, not increase it.
Choice B reason: Increased sympathetic nervous system response is not related to airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma. The sympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for fight or flight. It stimulates the bronchodilation, or the widening of the airways, by activating the beta2 receptors on the smooth muscle cells. This would improve the airflow, not obstruct it.
Choice C reason: The release of stress hormones is not related to airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma. Stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, are secreted by the adrenal glands in response to stress. They have anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects, which would reduce the symptoms of asthma, not worsen them.
Choice D reason: Exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation is related to airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma. Mast cell degranulation is the process of releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators from the granules inside the mast cells. These substances cause bronchoconstriction, or the narrowing of the airways, by stimulating the smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. This leads to the symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, coughing, and dyspnea.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Decrease in wheezing present on auscultation indicates that albuterol was effective. Albuterol is a bronchodilator that relaxes the smooth muscles of the airways and reduces the airway resistance. This improves the airflow and reduces the wheezing sound that is caused by the turbulent flow of air through the narrowed airways.
Choice B reason: Respiratory rate increased to 38 breaths/min does not indicate that albuterol was effective. It indicates that the patient is still experiencing respiratory distress and hypoxia. The normal respiratory rate for adults is 12 to 20 breaths/min. A high respiratory rate can also be a side effect of albuterol, as it can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and increase the heart rate and blood pressure.
Choice C reason: Sputum production is clear and watery does not indicate that albuterol was effective. It indicates that the patient has a productive cough and is expelling mucus from the lungs. Sputum production is not directly affected by albuterol, as it does not have anti-inflammatory or mucolytic properties.
Choice D reason: Use of neck muscles does not indicate that albuterol was effective. It indicates that the patient is using accessory muscles to breathe and is exerting more effort to inhale. This is a sign of severe respiratory distress and airway obstruction. Albuterol should relieve the bronchospasm and reduce the need for accessory muscle use.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today