Identify which type of immunity each example represents.

Choice A reason: Elevated amylase and lipase are hallmark findings in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic inflammation causes enzyme leakage into the bloodstream, with amylase and lipase levels rising within hours of onset. These enzymes digest carbohydrates and fats, respectively, and their elevation confirms pancreatic injury, aiding diagnosis alongside clinical symptoms like abdominal pain.

Choice B reason: Decreased bilirubin is not typical in acute pancreatitis. Bilirubin may rise if pancreatitis causes biliary obstruction, but this is not a primary finding. The condition primarily affects pancreatic enzymes, not liver function markers like bilirubin, unless complications like gallstone pancreatitis or bile duct compression occur, which are secondary issues.

Choice C reason: Elevated hemoglobin is not expected in acute pancreatitis. Hemoglobin may decrease due to inflammation, bleeding, or fluid shifts causing hemodilution. Pancreatitis does not stimulate erythropoiesis or concentrate blood, so elevated hemoglobin is more likely in dehydration or other conditions, not a primary feature of pancreatic inflammation.

Choice D reason: Decreased calcium is common in acute pancreatitis due to fat necrosis and saponification, where calcium binds to fatty acids released from damaged pancreatic tissue. This reduces serum calcium levels, potentially causing hypocalcemia. Monitoring is critical, as low calcium can lead to neuromuscular irritability or cardiac complications in severe cases.

Choice A reason: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor for peptic ulcer disease. It damages the gastric mucosa by producing urease, which neutralizes stomach acid, and toxins that cause inflammation and ulceration. Chronic infection leads to gastritis and weakens the mucosal barrier, increasing susceptibility to acid-induced damage and ulcer formation in the stomach or duodenum.

Choice B reason: Spicy foods and a laid-back lifestyle are not established risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. Spicy foods may irritate existing ulcers but do not cause them. A laid-back lifestyle, implying low stress, does not contribute to ulceration, as stress is a minor factor compared to H. pylori or NSAIDs. These are myths not supported by scientific evidence.

Choice C reason: An active lifestyle does not increase the risk of peptic ulcer disease and may even promote overall health. Smoking, however, is a risk factor, as it impairs mucosal blood flow and healing, but this option pairs it with an active lifestyle, which dilutes its relevance. Smoking alone would be a stronger risk factor, making this combination less accurate.

Choice D reason: Alcohol abuse and smoking are significant risk factors for peptic ulcer disease. Alcohol irritates the gastric mucosa, increasing acid production and weakening the mucosal barrier. Smoking reduces mucosal blood flow, impairs healing, and enhances H. pylori-related damage. Together, they synergistically increase the risk of developing gastric or duodenal ulcers over time.