If a woman has a pre-existing condition of diabetes, the nurse knows that she would be at risk for what symptom(s) during her pregnancy?
Select one:

Episodes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.

Postpartum hemorrhage.

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Acute vasospasm.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A Reason: Episodes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. This is because episodes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia are common complications of diabetes during pregnancy, which can aﬀect both the mother and the fetus. Hypoglycemia is a condition where the blood glucose level drops below the normal range, which can cause symptoms such as sweating, trembling, hunger, confusion, or loss of consciousness. Hyperglycemia is a condition where the blood glucose level rises above the normal range, which can cause symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, fatigue, blurred vision, or ketoacidosis. Diabetes during pregnancy requires careful monitoring and management of blood glucose levels to prevent adverse outcomes such as fetal macrosomia, congenital anomalies, stillbirth, or neonatal hypoglycemia.

Choice B Reason: Postpartum hemorrhage. This is an incorrect answer that refers to a diﬀerent complication that may occur after delivery, not during pregnancy. Postpartum hemorrhage is excessive bleeding from the uterus or genital tract after delivery, which can cause hypovolemic shock, anemia, or death. Postpartum hemorrhage can be caused by uterine atony, retained placenta, lacerations, or coagulation disorders.

Choice C Reason: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA). This is an incorrect answer that indicates a rare and severe complication that may occur during or after pregnancy, not specifically related to diabetes. CVA is also known as stroke, which is an interruption of blood ﬂow to the brain due to ischemia or hemorrhage, which can cause neurological deficits or death. CVA can be caused by hypertension, preeclampsia-eclampsia, thrombophilia, or vascular malformations.

Choice D Reason: Acute vasospasm. This is an incorrect answer that suggests a diﬀerent condition that may occur during pregnancy, not associated with diabetes. Acute vasospasm is also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, which is a disorder of blood vessels that causes them to narrow and reduce blood ﬂow to the extremities in response to cold or stress, which can cause pain, numbness, or color changes. Acute vasospasm can be triggered by smoking, medications, or autoimmune diseases.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A Reason: Grunting and nasal ﬂaring. These are signs of respiratory distress in newborns, which indicate that their oxygenation needs are not being met. Grunting and nasal ﬂaring. This is because grunting and nasal ﬂaring are signs of respiratory distress in newborns, which indicate inadequate oxygenation and ventilation. Grunting is a noise made by the newborn when exhaling, which reﬂects an atempt to keep the alveoli open and increase lung volume.

Nasal ﬂaring is a widening of the nostrils when inhaling, which reﬂects an eﬀort to reduce airway resistance and increase airﬂow.

Choice B Reason: Acrocyanosis. This is not a sign of respiratory distress in newborns, but rather a common condition called acrocyanosis. Acrocyanosis means bluish discoloration of the hands and feet due to poor peripheral circulation in response to cold exposure or stress. It does not aﬀect oxygenation or ventilation and usually disappears within 24 to 48 hours after birth.

Choice C Reason: Abdominal breathing. This is not a sign of respiratory distress in newborns, but rather a normal patern of breathing for them. Abdominal breathing means that the newborn's abdomen rises and falls with each breath, which reﬂects the use of the diaphragm as the primary respiratory muscle.

Choice D Reason: Respiratory rate of 54 breaths/minute. This is not a sign of respiratory distress in newborns, but rather a normal range of respiratory rate for them. A normal respiratory rate for a newborn ranges from 40 to 60 breaths per minute.

A. Late decelerations. B. Moderate decelerations. C. Variable decelerations. D. Early decelerations.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A Reason: Late decelerations. This is an incorrect answer that refers to a diﬀerent type of fetal heart rate patern that indicates uteroplacental insufficiency, which can reduce blood ﬂow and oxygen delivery to the fetus. Late decelerations are characterized by gradual decreases in fetal heart rate that begin after the peak of uterine contractions and return to baseline after the end of contractions. Amnioinfusion is not eﬀective for late decelerations, as it does not address the underlying cause of uteroplacental insufficiency, which may be due to maternal hypertension, diabetes, preeclampsia, or placental abruption.

Choice B Reason: Moderate decelerations. This is an incorrect answer that refers to a non-existent type of fetal heart rate patern, as there is no such term as moderate decelerations. The term moderate refers to the category of fetal heart rate variability, which is a measure of the ﬂuctuations in fetal heart rate around the baseline. Moderate variability indicates normal fetal oxygenation and well-being, while absent or minimal variability indicates fetal hypoxia or distress.

Choice C Reason: Variable decelerations. This is because variable decelerations are a type of fetal heart rate patern that indicates cord compression, which can reduce blood ﬂow and oxygen delivery to the fetus. Variable decelerations are characterized by abrupt decreases in fetal heart rate that vary in onset, depth, and duration, and do not have a consistent relationship with uterine contractions. Amnioinfusion is a procedure that involves infusing saline or lactated Ringer's solution into the amniotic cavity through a transcervical catheter, which can relieve cord compression by increasing the volume of amniotic ﬂuid and cushioning the cord. Amnioinfusion can improve fetal oxygenation and reduce variable decelerations.

Choice D Reason: Early decelerations. This is an incorrect answer that refers to a diﬀerent type of fetal heart rate patern that indicates head compression, which can stimulate the vagus nerve and slow down the fetal heart rate. Early decelerations are characterized by gradual decreases in fetal heart rate that begin with the onset of uterine contractions and return to baseline with the end of contractions. Early decelerations are benign and do not require intervention, as they reﬂect normal fetal head descent and progress of labor. Amnioinfusion is not indicated for early decelerations, as it does not aﬀect head compression or vagal stimulation.

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If a woman has a pre-existing condition of diabetes, the nurse knows that she would be at risk for what symptom(s) during her pregnancy? Select one:

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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