. Infants have ________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have ______ permanent teeth.
20; 32
16;20
28; 20
32; 20
32; 32
The Correct Answer is A
A. 20; 32: The primary dentition consists of 20 teeth, including incisors, canines, and molars, which erupt during infancy. The permanent secondary dentition replaces these with 32 teeth, adding premolars and third molars. This represents the standard anatomical formula for human odontogenesis and maturation.
B. 16; 20: These figures underestimate the count for both deciduous and permanent stages of dental development. A child typically possesses more than 16 teeth once the primary set is complete. An adult with only 20 teeth would be considered partially edentulous, missing significant posterior dentition.
C. 28; 20: This choice incorrectly suggests that infants have more teeth than adults. Human dental development involves an increase in total tooth count as the jaw expands to accommodate larger structures. 28 teeth represent a permanent set excluding the wisdom teeth, not the deciduous set.
D. 32; 20: This inversion implies that the deciduous set is larger than the adult permanent set. Deciduous teeth are smaller and fewer in number to fit the pediatric alveolar bone. The adult mandible and maxilla are anatomically designed to support a more extensive 32-tooth array.
E. 32; 32: While some adults have 32 teeth, no infant develops 32 deciduous teeth in a healthy physiological state. The primary dentition lacks the premolars and third molars found in the permanent set. Using the same number for both stages ignores the transition of dental eruption.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Hormone at E - Growth Hormone (GH): The diagram indicates that hormone E is released from the anterior pituitary and targets the liver and skeletal muscles. In the liver, it stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) to promote systemic growth. Its action on skeletal muscle facilitates protein synthesis and tissue hypertrophy.
B. Hormone A - Prolactin (PRL): The diagram depicts hormone A traveling from the adenohypophysis to the mammary glands. This protein hormone is essential for initiating and maintaining milk production following parturition. Its secretion is regulated by hypothalamic dopamine, which serves as a primary prolactin-inhibiting factor.
C. Hormone B - Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): The pathway labeled B shows a tropic hormone targeting the thyroid gland. TSH stimulates the follicular cells of the thyroid to synthesize and release thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This hormone is a critical regulator of systemic basal metabolic rate and cellular heat production.
D. Hormone C - Gonadotropins (FSH and LH): Label C represents the gonadotropins, specifically follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, which target the testes and ovaries. These hormones regulate gametogenesis and the secretion of sex steroids like testosterone and estrogen. They are essential for the maintenance of reproductive cycles and secondary sexual characteristics.
E. Hormone at D - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): The diagram shows hormone D being secreted from the anterior pituitary and traveling specifically to the adrenal gland. More specifically, it targets the adrenal cortex to regulate the production of steroid hormones. It is a critical component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Eosinophils: These granulocytes primarily function in the destruction of multicellular parasites and the modulation of inflammatory responses. While their granules contain various cytotoxic enzymes and cytokines, they are not the primary source of systemic histamine or heparin. Their role is more closely associated with IgE-mediated parasiticidal activity.
B. Basophils: These are the least abundant leukocytes and contain prominent cytoplasmic granules rich in histamine and heparin. Histamine acts as a potent vasodilator to increase blood flow to infected areas, while heparin functions as an anticoagulant to prevent localized clotting. These secretions facilitate the recruitment of other immune cells to the site of injury.
C. Neutrophils: These cells are the primary phagocytic responders to acute bacterial infections and utilize oxidative bursts to neutralize pathogens. Their primary granules contain myeloperoxidase and defensins rather than histamine or heparin. They focus on the direct destruction of microorganisms rather than the chemical modulation of vascular permeability.
D. Platelets: Also known as thrombocytes, these are cellular fragments essential for hemostasis and thrombus formation. While they release serotonin and clotting factors from their alpha and delta granules, they do not secrete heparin. In fact, platelets are involved in the coagulation cascade that heparin is designed to inhibit.
E. Monocytes: These agranulocytes serve as precursors to macrophages and lack the specific chemical-filled granules found in basophils. Their primary defensive contribution is through phagocytosis and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor. They do not utilize histamine or heparin as their primary signaling or defense molecules.
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