Nanette is a preschooler who says, "We goed to the store." Which of the following features of language development does Nanette's utterance demonstrate?
Underextension
Overextension
Telegraphic speech
Overregularization
Fast mapping
The Correct Answer is D
A. Underextension: Underextension is using a word too narrowly (e.g., using “dog” to refer only to the family pet), not shown here.
B. Overextension: Overextension is applying a word too broadly (e.g., calling all animals “dog”); not what “We goed” illustrates.
C. Telegraphic speech: Telegraphic speech refers to short, content-word sentences (e.g., “want cookie”); Nanette’s error involves morphology, not the telegraphic style.
D. Overregularization: “We goed” is overregularization - applying regular past-tense rules (-ed) to an irregular verb (go to went).
E. Fast mapping: Fast mapping is rapid initial word learning from minimal exposure; not relevant to this morphological error.
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Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Confounding: A confounding variable is an extraneous factor that varies with the independent variable and could provide an alternative explanation for the outcome; the video type is the manipulated factor, not an uncontrolled confound.
B. Control: A control variable is something the experimenter holds constant across conditions to prevent it from influencing the outcome; the video type is not something held constant.
C. Intervening: An intervening (mediating) variable is an internal process that links the independent and dependent variables (e.g., increased arousal), not the manipulated stimulus itself.
D. Dependent: The dependent variable is the outcome being measured (here, aggressive behavior); the video type is the presumed cause, not the outcome.
E. Independent: The independent variable is the factor the researchers manipulate (aggressive vs. nonaggressive video) to see its effect on behavior.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Cooing:Cooing (around 2 months) consists mostly of vowel-like sounds (ooo, ahh), not the consonant-vowel combinations in question.
B. Babbling:Babbling (around 6-9 months) is when infants combine consonants and vowels in experimental sequences (e.g., “ba-ba,” “da-da”).
C. Semantics:Semantics concerns meaning in language, not the early sound-producing stage described.
D. Holophrases:Holophrases are single-word utterances infants use to express whole ideas (e.g., “milk” to mean “I want milk”), not consonant-vowel experimentation.
E. Pragmatics:Pragmatics refers to language use in context (turn-taking, conventions), not the sound-stage described.
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