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Parkinson's disease has which characteristic symptom(s)? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

Muscle tremors

Slow body movement (bradykinesia)

Rigidity

Pill rolling

Lack of facial expression

Drooling

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,D,E,F

A. Muscle tremors:

Muscle tremors, particularly resting tremors, are a hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease. These tremors typically occur in the hands, fingers, arms, legs, jaw, or head and may worsen with stress or inactivity.

B. Slow body movement (bradykinesia):

Bradykinesia refers to slowness of movement and is another key symptom of Parkinson's disease. Patients may have difficulty initiating movement, experience a decrease in spontaneous movement (hypokinesia), and demonstrate reduced range of motion.

C. Rigidity:

Rigidity, or stiffness of the muscles, is a common symptom of Parkinson's disease. It often affects the limbs and trunk and can contribute to difficulty with movement and posture.

D. Pill rolling:

Pill rolling refers to a specific type of tremor characterized by rhythmic, rolling movements of the thumb and fingers, resembling the action of rolling a pill between the fingers and thumb. This tremor is commonly seen in Parkinson's disease.

E. Lack of facial expression:

Parkinson's disease can lead to a reduced range of facial expressions, also known as hypomimia or "masked facies." Patients may have a fixed, expressionless facial appearance and reduced blinking.

F. Drooling:

Drooling, or excessive salivation, can occur in Parkinson's disease due to impaired swallowing function (dysphagia) and reduced control over oral and facial muscles.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Intellectual capacity is not affected:

This statement refers to the fact that ALS primarily affects motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis, but it typically does not directly impact cognitive function or intellectual capacity. While cognitive impairment is not a hallmark feature of ALS, some individuals may experience changes in cognitive function or behavior, such as executive dysfunction or frontotemporal dementia, in later stages of the disease. However, depression in ALS is not primarily linked to changes in intellectual capacity but rather to other factors such as altered communication, physical limitations, and loss of autonomy.

B. Communication is altered:

ALS can affect the muscles involved in speech and swallowing, leading to difficulties in communicationAs the disease progresses, patients may experience dysarthria (difficulty speaking clearly) and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), which can impair their ability to communicate effectively with others. Altered communication can result in frustration, social isolation, and feelings of being misunderstood, all of which are risk factors for depression.

C. Mobility is limited:

ALS causes progressive muscle weakness and paralysis, which can significantly impair mobility over time. As the disease advances, individuals with ALS may become increasingly dependent on mobility aids such as wheelchairs or may require assistance with mobility tasks. Limited mobility can lead to feelings of loss of independence, decreased participation in activities, and increased dependence on caregivers, all of which can contribute to depression.

D. Nutritional intake is poor:

ALS can affect the muscles involved in swallowing and chewing, leading to difficulties with eating and drinking. Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a common symptom in ALS and can result in poor nutritional intake and weight loss. Malnutrition and weight loss are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in ALS, and they can also contribute to feelings of weakness, fatigue, and overall decline in quality of life, which may exacerbate depression.

A. "These drugs inhibit the action of acetylcholine B. "These drugs help you urinate." C. "These drugs will decrease your eye pressure." D. "These drugs will assist in lowering your heart rate."

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. "These drugs inhibit the action of acetylcholine":

This response is accurate. Anticholinergic medications work by blocking the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in various functions in the body, including muscle control. In Parkinson's disease, there is an imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors and rigidity. By inhibiting the action of acetylcholine, anticholinergic drugs help rebalance neurotransmitter activity and alleviate some of the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease.

B. "These drugs help you urinate":

This statement is not directly related to the use of anticholinergic medications in Parkinson's disease. While some anticholinergic drugs can indeed relax the smooth muscle of the bladder and improve urinary symptoms, this is not the primary indication for their use in Parkinson's disease.

C. "These drugs will decrease your eye pressure":

While anticholinergic medications can be used to dilate the pupils and decrease intraocular pressure, this is not typically the reason for their use in Parkinson's disease. While some anticholinergic medications may have ocular effects, they are primarily used to address motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease.

D. "These drugs will assist in lowering your heart rate":

While some anticholinergic medications may have effects on heart rate by blocking parasympathetic nervous system activity, this is not the primary indication for their use in Parkinson's disease. The focus of anticholinergic therapy in Parkinson's disease is primarily on addressing motor symptoms rather than cardiovascular effects.

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Parkinson's disease has which characteristic symptom(s)? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

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Correct Answer is B

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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