Steven has been attending college for three years, but he still has not declared a major and has refused to think about what he wants to do after college. According to James Marcia's theory of identity development, Steven is most likely experiencing which of the following?
Identity achievement
Identity moratorium
Identity crisis
Identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure
The Correct Answer is D
A. Identity achievement: Achievement involves exploration followed by commitment; Steven has neither declared nor committed, so not achievement.
B. Identity moratorium: Moratorium is active exploration without commitment; Steven refuses to think about future options, so he’s not actively exploring.
C. Identity crisis: “Identity crisis” is a general term for identity struggle but Marcia’s categories specify diffusion, moratorium, etc.; it’s not the precise Marcia label.
D. Identity diffusion: diffusion is lack of exploration and lack of commitment-Steven’s avoidance of deciding fits diffusion.
E. Identity foreclosure: Foreclosure is commitment without exploration (e.g., adopting parents’ roles); Steven has not committed.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Autism spectrum disorder:ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder not caused by an inability to metabolize a dietary amino acid.
B. Phenylketonuria (PKU):PKU is an inherited inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine, causing accumulation that can lead to brain damage and intellectual disability if untreated.
C. Huntington's disease:Huntington’s is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by a trinucleotide repeat expansion, not an amino-acid metabolic defect in infancy.
D. Jaundice: Jaundice involves elevated bilirubin in newborns and can cause kernicterus if severe, but it’s not an amino-acid metabolic disorder like PKU.
E. Meningitis: Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges from infection and is not caused by metabolic inability to process an amino acid.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Infantile amnesia:infantile amnesia is the common inability to recall autobiographical events from the first few years (typically before age 3).
B. Egocentrism:Egocentrism (Piaget) is a child’s difficulty taking others’ perspectives, not inability to remember early experiences.
C. Identity diffusion:Identity diffusion (an Eriksonian/adolescent concept) refers to lack of identity commitments, not early memory loss.
D. Retroactive interference:Retroactive interference is when new memories interfere with retrieval of older ones; it’s a memory process but not the standard term for inability to recall infancy.
E. Discontinuity:Discontinuity refers to stage-like development and isn’t the term for early-life memory absence.
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