When interpreting the outcomes of cross-sectional designs, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of
short-term and long-term memory
experimentation and correlation
reliability and validity
treatments and placebos
cohort and age
The Correct Answer is E
A. Short-term and long-term memory: These are types of memory processes; cross-sectional design interpretation is not primarily about distinguishing memory systems.
B. Experimentation and correlation: This contrasts methods (experimental vs correlational); cross-sectional studies are typically observational-this choice doesn’t pinpoint the central interpretive problem.
C. Reliability and validity: These are measurement properties; while important, they are not the core confound in interpreting cross-sectional age comparisons.
D. Treatments and placebos: These terms relate to experimental controls in intervention studies, not to the principal issue in cross-sectional interpretation.
E. Cohort and age: cross-sectional designs compare different cohorts at one time, so it’s hard to tell whether differences are due to aging (age effects) or cohort (generational) differences.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Biological parent, stepparent, and child: a blended family (stepfamily) includes members from previous relationships-commonly a biological parent plus a stepparent and child.
B. Single parent and adopted child: This is a single-parent family, not necessarily blended.
C. Single parent, adopted child, and biological child: This is a single-parent household with mixed parentage but not the classic blended (step) family structure.
D. Single parent, niece, and adopted child: This is an extended/single-parent household arrangement, not the standard definition of blended.
E. Grandparents and grandchildren in their custody:This is a grandparent-headed family or kinship care, not a blended family.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Telegraphic: Telegraphic speech is short, content-only utterances used by young toddlers (e.g., “want cookie”), not the self-directed speech described.
B. Egocentric: Piaget called similar speech “egocentric,” but Vygotsky reframed it differently; the expected Vygotskian term is below.
C. Inner: Inner speech is internal (silent) thought; Jamie is speaking aloud, so this is not inner speech yet.
D. Private: Vygotsky called aloud self-directed speech used to guide behavior “private speech,” which later becomes inner speech.
E. Cluttered: Not a recognized technical term in this context.
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