The Foley Family is caring for their youngest child, Justin, who is suffering from tetralogy of Fallot. Which of the following are defects associated with this congenital heart condition?
Coarctation of aorta, aortic valve stenosis, mitral valve stenosis, and patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis (PS), and right ventricular hypertrophy
Aorta exits from the right ventricle, pulmonary artery exits from the left ventricle, and two noncommunicating circulations
Tricuspid valve atresia, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and hypoplastic right ventricle
The Correct Answer is B
Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect characterized by four specific abnormalities:
Ventricular septal defect (VSD): This is a hole in the wall (septum) between the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
Overriding aorta: The aorta is positioned over both the left and right ventricles, which allows oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from the right ventricle to be pumped into the aorta and to the body.
Pulmonic stenosis (PS): This is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve or artery that restricts blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Right ventricular hypertrophy: The right ventricle becomes thicker and more muscular as it works harder to pump blood against the narrowed pulmonary valve or artery.
Options A, C, and D describe different congenital heart conditions and defects, but they are not associated with Tetralogy of Fallot:
A. Coarctation of aorta, aortic valve stenosis, mitral valve stenosis, and patent ductus arteriosus are not part of the constellation of defects seen in the Tetralogy of Fallot.
C. Describing the aorta exiting from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery exiting from the left ventricle with two noncommunicating circulations is characteristic of transposition of the great arteries, not Tetralogy of Fallot.
D. Tricuspid valve atresia, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and hypoplastic right ventricle describe a different congenital heart condition, not Tetralogy of Fallot.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Kawasaki disease is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children, particularly those under the age of 5. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels throughout the body, including the coronary arteries. If left untreated, Kawasaki disease can lead to the development of aneurysms in the coronary arteries. These aneurysms can put the child at risk for complications such as thrombosis (clot formation) or rupture of the affected arteries, which can be life-threatening.
The other options (A, C, and D) are not typically associated with Kawasaki disease:
A. Sepsis: Kawasaki disease is not an infectious disease, and it does not directly lead to sepsis. It is an inflammatory condition believed to have an autoimmune component.
C. Meningitis: Kawasaki disease primarily affects blood vessels and does not lead to the development of meningitis.
D. Mitral valve disease: While Kawasaki disease can affect the cardiovascular system, it is not a direct cause of mitral valve disease. The development of mitral valve disease would be a separate cardiac issue unrelated to Kawasaki disease.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is a complex congenital heart defect in which the left side of the heart (left ventricle and aorta) is underdeveloped, making it unable to pump oxygenated blood effectively to the body. The treatment of HLHS typically involves a series of surgical interventions because it cannot be cured with a single surgery. The ultimate goal of treatment is to provide palliative care, which means managing the condition to improve the child's quality of life while waiting for a heart transplant. The surgical procedures are typically performed in stages, with the first surgery usually performed shortly after birth, followed by additional surgeries as the child grows.
Option B is not accurate because HLHS cannot be cured with a single surgery, and creating an opening between the atria and ventricles (e.g., the Norwood procedure) is one step in the staged surgical treatment, but it doesn't completely "cure" the condition.
Option C is not accurate because HLHS is primarily characterized by an underdeveloped left ventricle and aorta, not the displacement of the pulmonary and aortic arteries.
Option D refers to the use of prostaglandin to maintain a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and improve blood flow to the lungs, which can be part of the initial management of HLHS but is not a definitive treatment. Prostaglandin is used to stabilize the infant before surgical interventions are performed.
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