The nurse assesses an older adult's cognitive status using a standard assessment instrument. Which of the following are cognitive assessment tools? (Select all that apply.)

A. Participants in PACE programs must be able to perform their own ADLs independently.

Explanation: This statement is generally not true. PACE programs are designed to provide comprehensive and coordinated care for individuals who are frail and meet the criteria for nursing home admission. The emphasis is on maintaining participants in their homes and communities. Participants in PACE programs often have limitations in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), and the program is designed to support them in these activities.

B. Participants in PACE programs must have been residents in a nursing home prior to enrollment in the PACE program.

Explanation: This statement is generally not true. PACE programs aim to keep individuals out of nursing homes by providing comprehensive healthcare services in a community setting. Participants in PACE programs are often those at risk of nursing home placement due to their health and functional status.

C. Participants in PACE programs must be eligible for either Medicare or Medicaid.

Explanation: This statement is generally true. PACE programs are funded through Medicare and Medicaid. Participants must be eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid to enroll in a PACE program. Medicaid eligibility may vary by state.

D. PACE programs only provide service to individuals who are age 55 and over.

Explanation: This statement is generally true. PACE programs typically serve individuals who are 55 years of age or older. However, the specific age eligibility may vary by state.

E. PACE programs provide services to individuals who meet the criteria for nursing home admission.

Explanation: This statement is generally true. PACE programs are designed for individuals who are at risk of nursing home placement due to their health and functional status. Participants must meet the criteria for nursing home admission to be eligible for PACE services.

A. Encouraging the client to use a cane when ambulating is a positive preventive measure, promoting stability and support during walking.

B. Keeping the side rails up on the client's bed at night can be concerning.

While it might seem like a safety measure, using side rails can lead to entrapment or falls, especially for frail older adults. Side rails can create a false sense of security, and if the client tries to climb over them or gets caught between the rails, it can result in injury.

C. Keeping several low wattage night lights on in the evening is a good preventive measure, as it helps improve visibility and reduces the risk of falls during nighttime activities.

D. Installing wooden railings on the stairway to the bathroom is a positive preventive measure, enhancing stability and support during stair navigation.