The nurse auscultates a heart murmur on a client with cardiovascular disease. At which anatomic landmark will an aortic murmur be heard the loudest?
Second intercostal space, right of sternum.
Third intercostal space, left of sternum.
Second intercostal space, left of sternum.
Fourth intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: The second intercostal space, right of sternum, is not the anatomic landmark where an aortic murmur will be heard the loudest. A heart murmur is an abnormal sound that is produced by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or chambers. ¹ An aortic murmur is a type of heart murmur that occurs when the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle and the aorta, is damaged or diseased. ² The second intercostal space, right of sternum, is the location where the aortic valve can be best heard, but not the location where the aortic murmur will be most audible. ³
Choice B reason: The third intercostal space, left of sternum, is not the anatomic landmark where an aortic murmur will be heard the loudest. A heart murmur is an abnormal sound that is produced by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or chambers. ¹ An aortic murmur is a type of heart murmur that occurs when the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle and the aorta, is damaged or diseased. ² The third intercostal space, left of sternum, is the location where the pulmonary valve, which separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, can be best heard, but not the location where the aortic murmur will be most audible. ³
Choice C reason: The second intercostal space, left of sternum, is the anatomic landmark where an aortic murmur will be heard the loudest. A heart murmur is an abnormal sound that is produced by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or chambers. ¹ An aortic murmur is a type of heart murmur that occurs when the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle and the aorta, is damaged or diseased. ² The second intercostal space, left of sternum, is the location where the aortic murmur will be most audible, as it is the closest to the aorta, the largest artery in the body. ³
Choice D reason: The fourth intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line, is not the anatomic landmark where an aortic murmur will be heard the loudest. A heart murmur is an abnormal sound that is produced by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or chambers. ¹ An aortic murmur is a type of heart murmur that occurs when the aortic valve, which separates the left ventricle and the aorta, is damaged or diseased. ² The fourth intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line, is the location where the tricuspid valve, which separates the right atrium and the right ventricle, can be best heard, but not the location where the aortic murmur will be most audible. ³
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
No explanation
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Vitamin B12 does not contribute to the increased production of RBCs after significant blood loss. Vitamin B12 is a type of vitamin that is essential for the normal formation and maturation of red blood cells (RBCs), which carry oxygen throughout the body. ¹ However, vitamin B12 does not increase the production of RBCs in response to blood loss. That is the role of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs. ²
Choice B reason: Vitamin B12 is not needed to prevent excessive production of red blood cells. Vitamin B12 is needed for the normal production of red blood cells, not for the prevention of overproduction. Excessive production of red blood cells, also known as polycythemia, can cause the blood to become thick and viscous, increasing the risk of clotting and stroke. ³ Polycythemia can be caused by various factors, such as smoking, dehydration, or genetic mutations, but not by a lack of vitamin B12.
Choice C reason: Vitamin B12 is not needed to prevent RBCs from sticking together. Vitamin B12 is needed for the normal formation and maturation of RBCs, not for the prevention of aggregation. RBCs can stick together and form clumps, also known as rouleaux, which can impair blood flow and oxygen delivery. Rouleaux can be caused by various factors, such as inflammation, infection, or cancer, but not by a lack of vitamin B12.
Choice D reason: Vitamin B12 is needed for the normal formation and maturation of RBCs, but it cannot be absorbed by the body without a substance called intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is a protein that is produced by the stomach and binds to vitamin B12, allowing it to be absorbed by the small intestine. ¹ Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia that occurs when the stomach does not produce enough intrinsic factor, leading to vitamin B12 deficiency. The only way to treat pernicious anemia is by giving vitamin B12 injections, which bypass the need for intrinsic factor.
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