The nurse is evaluating an 18-month-old client.
Which data would indicate to the nurse that the child is meeting tasks according to Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development? Select all that apply.

Choice A rationale

This is not consistent with normal psychosocial development in this age group. An 18-month-old child is in the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage and typically exhibits separation anxiety, crying when parents leave. Being quiet suggests a lack of a strong attachment bond or a regression in developmental milestones. This behavior would warrant further assessment.

Choice B rationale

This behavior is a classic manifestation of the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of Erikson's theory, which occurs between 18 months and 3 years. The child is asserting their independence and developing a sense of self-control and free will. Stomping and saying "no" are typical ways for toddlers to express their burgeoning autonomy.

Choice C rationale

Crying when the mother leaves is a normal developmental milestone known as separation anxiety. This indicates that the child has formed a secure attachment bond with their primary caregiver. It is a healthy sign of object permanence and a key feature of the trust vs. mistrust stage, which continues to influence later stages like autonomy.

Choice D rationale

This behavior is a red flag for abnormal development. At 18 months, children should be actively interacting with their parents and other caregivers. A lack of interaction could indicate developmental delays, sensory processing issues, or potential signs of a social communication disorder that requires further investigation by a healthcare professional.

Choice E rationale

Responding when called by name is a crucial developmental milestone in language and social development. This demonstrates that the child is able to attend to stimuli, has an understanding of their own identity, and is capable of receptive language skills, which are all vital components of healthy cognitive development in the toddler stage.

Choice F rationale

This indicates the child is developing a sense of self-control and competence, which is the hallmark of the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage. Successfully completing a task like toilet training gives the toddler a sense of accomplishment and independence. The smile is a positive emotional response to this newfound sense of control over their body.

Choice A rationale

Applying butter to a burn is a harmful practice. Butter holds heat against the skin, which can worsen the tissue damage. Additionally, it can trap bacteria, increasing the risk of infection. The oil in the butter can also interfere with proper medical evaluation and treatment of the burn.

Choice B rationale

Wrapping the child in a blanket and rushing him to the hospital is not the first action. The immediate priority is to stop the burning process. The heat from the scalding tea continues to damage tissue. A blanket can also retain heat and worsen the burn. The priority is to cool the skin first.

Choice C rationale

Removing the shirt is a good idea to prevent the trapped heat from worsening the burn, but applying burn ointment is not the first action. Immediate cooling with water is the priority. Burn ointments can trap heat and complicate medical assessment, as they must be removed before the burn can be properly evaluated.

Choice D rationale

Pouring cool water over the affected skin is the immediate and most effective first action. The cool water stops the burning process by dissipating the heat from the skin, minimizing the depth and severity of the burn. This action prevents further tissue damage and reduces pain.