The nurse is reading the arterial blood gas results of a patient admitted for sepsis. Which of the following would the nurse expect for a patient in metabolic acidosis?

pH 7.25. CO2 40. HCO3-16

pH 7.5, CO2 35, HCO3-30

pH 7.5, CO2 30 HCO3- 22

pH 7.25, CO2 55. HCO3. 25

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A) pH 7.25, CO2 40, HCO3- 16:
In metabolic acidosis, the pH is decreased indicating acidemia. The bicarbonate level is low which is a hallmark of metabolic acidosis. The CO2 level of 40 is within the normal range suggesting that the body is not compensating for the acidosis through respiratory compensation yet. In metabolic acidosis, the body will often try to compensate by increasing respiratory rate to blow off CO2, but this takes time.

B) pH 7.5, CO2 35, HCO3- 30:
In metabolic alkalosis, the pH is increased above 7.45, and the bicarbonate level (HCO3-) is elevated both of which are seen here. The CO2 level of 35 is within normal limits, and while respiratory compensation could increase CO2 in response to metabolic alkalosis,

C) pH 7.5, CO2 30, HCO3- 22:
The pH is increased above 7.45, and the bicarbonate level is within the normal range. The CO2 level of 30 is low, which is typical in respiratory alkalosis, where the body compensates for the increased pH by blowing off CO2.

D) pH 7.25, CO2 55, HCO3- 25:
The pH is low, but the bicarbonate level is normal. The CO2 level is elevated, which is indicative of hypoventilation or inadequate respiratory compensation, commonly seen in respiratory acidosis, where the lungs cannot excrete CO2 effectively

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Free Nursing Study Resources

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Though the condition can be inconvenient, there are no long-term negative effects of GERD: This is the incorrect statement. GERD, if left untreated, can lead to significant long-term complications, such as esophagitis, strictures, Barrett's esophagus (a precancerous condition), and an increased risk of esophageal cancer. Therefore, it’s critical to manage GERD effectively to prevent these adverse outcomes.

B) You should avoid lying flat on your back for 2-3 hours after eating: advice. Lying flat after eating can increase the likelihood of reflux, as it allows stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus more easily due to gravity. Staying upright for at least 2-3 hours after meals helps prevent acid reflux.

C) If you use antacids they should be separated from other oral medications by several hours: . Antacids can interfere with the absorption of other oral medications by altering the stomach’s pH. It’s recommended to take antacids at least 1-2 hours apart from other medications to avoid reducing their effectiveness.

D) You should avoid spicy, fatty, and acidic foods as much as possible as they can trigger reflux: This is also correct. Certain foods, like spicy, fatty, and acidic items, can relax the lower esophageal sphincter and increase gastric acid production, both of which can exacerbate GERD symptoms. Avoiding or limiting these foods can help manage the condition more effectively.

A. *Promptly change out of Wet clothing such as fitting suits after use B. "Buy synthetic underwear rather than cotton fabric C. "Be sure to empty your bladder every 6-8 hrs D. "Try to drink 500-1000 ml of fluid per day

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. "Promptly change out of wet clothing such as bathing suits after use":
This is a key recommendation for preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs), especially in women. Wet clothing, such as swimsuits or damp exercise clothes, creates a warm, moist environment that encourages bacterial growth, particularly in the genital and perineal areas. Changing out of wet clothing promptly helps reduce the risk of bacteria entering the urinary tract, which is an important preventive measure for recurrent UTIs.

B. "Buy synthetic underwear rather than cotton fabric":
This statement is incorrect. Cotton underwear is recommended because it is breathable and helps keep the genital area dry, reducing the likelihood of bacterial growth. Synthetic fabrics, on the other hand, trap moisture and heat, creating an environment where bacteria can thrive, increasing the risk of UTIs. Therefore, wearing cotton underwear is advised rather than synthetic fabric.

C. "Be sure to empty your bladder every 6-8 hours":
This recommendation is somewhat inaccurate. To prevent UTIs, it is essential to empty the bladder more frequently than every 6-8 hours, especially if the person feels the urge to urinate. Holding urine for long periods can increase the risk of bacterial growth in the urinary tract. It is generally recommended to urinate at least every 3-4 hours during the day to prevent urine stagnation and reduce the risk of infection.

D. "Try to drink 500-1000 ml of fluid per day":
This fluid intake recommendation is too low. To prevent UTIs, a higher fluid intake is necessary—typically 2-3 liters (2000-3000 mL) of fluid per day. Adequate hydration helps ensure frequent urination, which flushes out bacteria from the urinary tract. Consuming only 500-1000 mL of fluid per day is insufficient and would likely increase the risk of UTIs due to less frequent urination and less flushing of the urinary system.

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