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The nurse is teaching an older adult client who has menopause about hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The client asks about the benefits and risks of HRT.

What should the nurse include in the teaching?

HRT can relieve hot flashes, vaginal dryness and mood swings, but it can also increase the risk of breast cancer, stroke and blood clots.

HRT can prevent osteoporosis, heart disease and dementia, but it can also cause weight gain, acne and hair loss.

HRT can enhance sexual function, skin elasticity and memory, but it can also lower the immune system, blood pressure and blood sugar.

HRT can improve sleep quality, energy levels and mood, but it can also worsen headaches, nausea and bloating.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

The correct answer is A.

HRT can relieve hot flashes, vaginal dryness and mood swings, but it can also increase the risk of breast cancer, stroke and blood clots. This answer is based on the evidence from various studies that have shown the benefits and risks of HRT.

Choice B is wrong because HRT cannot prevent osteoporosis, heart disease and dementia, and it does not cause weight gain, acne and hair loss. These are common misconceptions about HRT that are not supported by scientific research.

Choice C is wrong because HRT does not have a significant effect on sexual function, skin elasticity and memory, and it does not lower the immune system, blood pressure and blood sugar. These are also myths about HRT that have no basis in reality.

Choice D is wrong because HRT can improve sleep quality, energy levels and mood, but it can also cause or worsen headaches, nausea and bloating. These are some of the possible side effects of HRT that vary depending on the type, dose and duration of the therapy.

Normal ranges for estrogen and progesterone levels depend on the stage of menopause, the type of HRT and the individual factors of each woman.

Generally, estrogen levels range from 10 to 50 pg/mL (picograms per milliliter) and progesterone levels range from 0.1 to 25 ng/mL (nanograms per milliliter) in postmenopausal women.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

The correct answer is D.

Digit Span Test (DST).

The DST is a tool that can be used to assess the client’s attention span and concentration by asking them to repeat a series of digits forward and backward (Martin, 1990).

The DST is part of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), which is a broader tool that covers other domains of cognitive functioning, such as orientation, memory, language, and visuospatial skills (Folstein et al., 1975).

Choice A is wrong because the MMSE is not a specific tool for attention span and concentration, but rather a general screening tool for cognitive impairment.

Choice B is wrong because the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a tool that can be used to diagnose delirium, but not to assess attention span and concentration.

The CAM focuses on four features of delirium: acute onset and fluctuating course, inattention, disorganized thinking, and altered level of consciousness (Inouye et al., 1990).

Choice C is wrong because the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a tool that can be used to assess visuospatial skills and executive function, but not attention span and concentration.

The CDT requires the client to draw a clock face with numbers and hands indicating a specific time (Shulman et al., 1986).

Normal ranges for the DST vary depending on the age and education level of the client, but generally a score of 5 or more digits forward and 4 or more digits backward is considered normal (Martin, 1990).

A. Decreased immune system function with aging. B. Lack of knowledge or awareness about STIs. C. Reduced use of condoms or other barrier methods. D. Increased number of sexual partners or casual encounters. E. Increased vaginal dryness or atrophy with menopause.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]

Explanation

The correct answer isA, B, C and D.

These are all factors that can increase the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in older adult clients.

A. Decreased immune system function with aging.This can make older adults more susceptible to infections and less able to fight them off.

B. Lack of knowledge or awareness about STIs.

Older adults may not have received adequate education or information about STIs, their symptoms, prevention and treatment.They may also have misconceptions or stigma about STIs that prevent them from seeking help or testing.

C. Reduced use of condoms or other barrier methods.

Older adults may not perceive themselves as at risk of STIs or may not know how to use condoms correctly or consistently.They may also face barriers such as cost, availability, embarrassment or partner resistance to using condoms.

D. Increased number of sexual partners or casual encounters.

Older adults may have more opportunities for sexual activity due to factors such as divorce, widowhood, online dating, travel or retirement.They may also engage in sexual behaviors that expose them to multiple or unknown partners, such as sex work, drug use or group sex.

Choice E is wrong becauseincreased vaginal dryness or atrophy with menopauseis not a risk factor for STIs in older adult clients.

While this condition can cause discomfort, pain or bleeding during sexual intercourse, it does not increase the likelihood of acquiring or transmitting an STI.However, it may affect the quality of life and sexual satisfaction of older women and their partners, and may require medical attention or lubrication products.

: Johnson BK.

Sexually transmitted infections and older adults.J Gerontol Nurs 2013;39(11):53-60.: World Health Organization (WHO).

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs).2022 Aug 22.: Journal of Gerontological Nursing (JGN).

Sexually Transmitted Infections and Older Adults.

2013 Sep 18.

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The nurse is teaching an older adult client who has menopause about hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The client asks about the benefits and risks of HRT. What should the nurse include in the teaching?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is performing a mental status examination on an older adult client who has delirium. Which of the following tools can the nurse use to assess the client’s attention span and concentration?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is assessing the risk factors for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in older adult clients. Which of the following factors should the nurse consider? (Select all that apply.).

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]

Explanation

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The nurse is teaching an older adult client who has menopause about hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The client asks about the benefits and risks of HRT.

What should the nurse include in the teaching?