The nursing instructor is facilitating a clinical group discussion about the adrenal glands including the cortex and the medulla. The instructor asks about the physiological changes that happen when norepinephrine and epinephrine are released. The students show good understanding of physiological changes when they state they include: (select all that apply).
Increased heart rate.
Constriction of blood vessels.
Pupil dilation.
Increased blood pressure.
Increased urine output.
Correct Answer : A,C,D
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamines released by the adrenal medulla during the "fight or flight" response. They have several physiological effects, including increasing heart rate, pupil dilation, and blood pressure. Additionally, epinephrine causes bronchodilation, while norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction. Therefore, the nurse should monitor the client for signs of hypertension, tachycardia, and increased respiratory rate.
Increased urine output, is incorrect because catecholamines decrease urine output by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Constriction of blood vessels is incorrect because norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction, not vasodilation.
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