The PMHNP is treating a 76-year-old woman with an atypical antipsychotic who is exhibiting extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). The PMHNP understands that for EPS symptoms to decrease, which neurotransmitter must be decreased?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Glutamate
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A reason: Dopamine plays a central role in the pathophysiology of extrapyramidal symptoms. EPS occurs due to dopamine receptor blockade in the nigrostriatal pathway, particularly with antipsychotic medications. Reducing dopamine activity in this pathway leads to motor disturbances similar to Parkinsonism. Therefore, managing EPS often involves balancing dopamine levels or using medications that counteract dopamine blockade.
Choice B reason: Serotonin is involved in mood regulation and other central nervous system functions, but it is not directly implicated in the development of EPS. While some antipsychotics affect serotonin receptors, EPS symptoms are primarily linked to dopamine dysregulation.
Choice C reason: Norepinephrine is associated with arousal, attention, and stress responses. It does not play a significant role in the extrapyramidal system, and altering its levels would not directly alleviate EPS.
Choice D reason: Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter and is involved in learning and memory. Although it interacts with dopamine systems, it is not the primary neurotransmitter responsible for EPS, and decreasing glutamate would not be a targeted approach for treating these symptoms.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Chocolate contains small amounts of tyramine and phenylethylamine, which may pose a mild risk when consumed in large quantities while on MAOIs. However, it is not considered a high-risk food requiring complete avoidance. Moderation is generally advised, but it is not strictly prohibited.
Choice B reason: Coffee does not contain significant levels of tyramine and is not contraindicated with MAOIs. While caffeine may exacerbate anxiety or insomnia, it does not interact dangerously with MAOIs in the same way tyramine-rich foods do.
Choice C reason: Cheddar cheese is an aged cheese and contains high levels of tyramine, which can lead to hypertensive crisis when consumed with MAOIs. Tyramine is normally broken down by monoamine oxidase, but when this enzyme is inhibited, tyramine accumulates and can cause dangerous spikes in blood pressure. Therefore, aged cheeses like cheddar must be strictly avoided.
Choice D reason: Potato chips are not fermented or aged and do not contain significant tyramine levels. They are not contraindicated with MAOIs, although excessive salt or fat intake may be discouraged for general health reasons.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: The forming phase is the initial stage of group development where members are polite, cautious, and focused on orientation. Communication is limited and guarded.
Choice B reason: The storming phase involves conflict and competition as members assert their opinions and challenge group norms. Communication may be intense but not yet open or spontaneous.
Choice C reason: The norming phase is marked by increased cohesion and collaboration. Communication improves, but spontaneity and openness are still developing.
Choice D reason: The performing phase is the most advanced stage of group development. Members communicate openly and spontaneously, trust is established, and the group functions effectively toward shared goals.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.
