The student nurse is preparing a presentation on parasitic skin infestations. What should the student include in the presentation?

Choice A reason: Heat rash is not an early sign of a fat embolus, as it is a skin condition that occurs when the sweat ducts are blocked and the sweat cannot evaporate. Heat rash is more common in hot and humid environments, and it causes red, itchy, or prickly bumps on the skin. Heat rash is not related to a fat embolus, which is a serious complication of a fracture that involves the release of fat droplets into the bloodstream.

Choice B reason: Tachypnea is an early sign of a fat embolus, as it indicates a respiratory distress that may be caused by the fat droplets blocking the pulmonary capillaries. Tachypnea is a rapid breathing rate that exceeds 20 breaths per minute, and it may be accompanied by dyspnea, chest pain, cough, or hemoptysis. Tachypnea is a sign of hypoxemia, which is a low level of oxygen in the blood, and it requires immediate intervention.

Choice C reason: Bradycardia is not an early sign of a fat embolus, as it is a slow heart rate that is below 60 beats per minute. Bradycardia may be caused by various factors, such as medication, heart disease, hypothyroidism, or vagal stimulation. Bradycardia is not related to a fat embolus, which is a serious complication of a fracture that involves the release of fat droplets into the bloodstream.

Choice D reason: Abdominal cramping is not an early sign of a fat embolus, as it is a pain or discomfort in the abdomen that may be caused by various factors, such as food intolerance, infection, inflammation, or obstruction. Abdominal cramping is not related to a fat embolus, which is a serious complication of a fracture that involves the release of fat droplets into the bloodstream.

Choice E reason: Confusion is not an early sign of a fat embolus, but a late sign that may indicate a cerebral involvement of the fat embolus. Confusion is a state of impaired awareness, orientation, or memory that may be caused by various factors, such as medication, infection, trauma, or hypoxia. Confusion is a sign of cerebral hypoxia, which is a low level of oxygen in the brain, and it requires immediate intervention.

Choice A reason: Grouped vesicles on the genitalia are not a typical presentation of shingles, but a sign of genital herpes, which is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a different type of herpes virus.

Choice B reason: Hematoma on upper right arm is not a common presentation of shingles, but a sign of bleeding or bruising under the skin, which may be caused by trauma, injury, or coagulation disorders.

Choice C reason: Group of vesicles in linear patches along the spinal nerves is a classic presentation of shingles, as it indicates the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox in childhood and remains dormant in the nerve cells. The virus can cause a painful rash that follows the distribution of the affected nerves, usually on one side of the body.

Choice D reason: Group of vesicles occurring on the lips and oral mucous membranes are not a characteristic presentation of shingles, but a sign of oral herpes, which is a common infection caused by a different type of herpes virus.

Choice E reason: None of the above is not a correct choice, as there is one option that matches the presentation of shingles