A nurse in a busy emergency department provides care for many clients who present with contusions, strains, or sprains. What are treatment modalities that are common to all of these musculoskeletal injuries? Select all that apply.

A. Performing range of motion:
Explanation: Range of motion exercises are important for preventing joint stiffness and muscle atrophy, especially in clients with casts. However, this is not the first priority. Ensuring adequate circulation and perfusion is crucial before initiating any exercises or movements, as compromised circulation could lead to serious complications.

B. Managing pain:
Explanation: Pain management is important for the client's comfort, but it is not the first priority in this context. Assessing circulation and ensuring there are no signs of compromised perfusion takes precedence. Pain management can follow once circulation has been confirmed as adequate.

C. Checking capillary refill:
Explanation: Checking capillary refill is the first priority when assessing a client with a cast. Capillary refill assesses peripheral circulation by pressing on the nail bed and observing how quickly color returns. Delayed capillary refill could indicate compromised blood flow, which is a serious concern and requires immediate intervention.

D. Discussing cast care:
Explanation: Educating the client about cast care is important, but it is not the first priority. Ensuring proper circulation and ruling out any signs of impaired perfusion must be addressed before discussing cast care instructions.

A. Increase sodium intake - This is not a preventive measure for osteoporosis. High sodium intake can lead to increased calcium excretion and weaken bones.

B. Drink a cup of coffee each morning - Caffeine consumption, especially in excess, can interfere with calcium absorption and increase calcium excretion. Limiting caffeine intake is recommended for bone health. Drinking coffee in moderation is acceptable but excessive consumption should be avoided.

C. Have a bone-density scan each year - While bone-density scans (DEXA scans) are useful for diagnosing osteoporosis or assessing bone health, they are not typically recommended for young adults with a family history of osteoporosis unless there are specific risk factors present. Yearly scans are unnecessary and not cost-effective for young adults without significant risk factors.

D. Engage in weight-bearing exercise regularly - Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, jogging, dancing, and resistance training, help to increase bone density and strength. Regular physical activity, especially weight-bearing exercises, is a recommended preventive measure against osteoporosis.