The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the ________
trachea
larynx
pharynx
lungs
alveoli
The Correct Answer is C
A. Trachea: The trachea is part of the lower respiratory tract. It conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi but is not included in the upper respiratory tract.
B. Larynx: The larynx serves as a passageway for air and houses the vocal cords. It marks the boundary between the upper and lower respiratory tracts rather than being entirely part of the upper tract.
C. Pharynx: The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose and mouth through the pharynx. The pharynx conducts air toward the larynx and serves as a shared pathway for both air and food.
D. Lungs: The lungs are part of the lower respiratory tract, containing bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. They are not included in the upper respiratory tract.
E. Alveoli: Alveoli are microscopic air sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They are part of the lower respiratory tract, not the upper respiratory tract.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Systolic pressure:The top number in a blood pressure reading represents systolic pressure. It reflects the maximum arterial pressure during ventricular contraction and indicates how forcefully the heart pumps blood into the arteries.
B. Pulse pressure:Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures. It is calculated from both numbers, not represented solely by the top number.
C. Mean arterial pressure:Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle, calculated using both systolic and diastolic values. It is not indicated by the top number alone.
D. Diastolic pressure:Diastolic pressure is the bottom number in a blood pressure reading. It reflects the arterial pressure when the heart is relaxed, not the top number.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Carbaminohemoglobin:About 20–30% of CO₂ binds to hemoglobin forming carbaminohemoglobin. While this contributes to CO₂ transport, it is significantly less than the amount carried as bicarbonate ions.
B. Bicarbonate ions:Most CO₂ (around 70%) in the blood is converted to bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) via carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. This allows efficient transport from tissues to lungs and facilitates rapid CO₂ release during exhalation.
C. bisphosphocarbonate:This is not a recognized form of CO₂ transport in blood. It does not play a role in carrying CO₂ from tissues to the lungs and is not physiologically relevant.
D. Carboxyhemoglobin:Carboxyhemoglobin forms when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin, not CO₂. It does not participate in normal CO₂ transport and is mainly a concern in CO poisoning.
E. Dissolved CO₂ gas:Only a small fraction (about 7–10%) of CO₂ is dissolved directly in plasma. This amount is minimal compared to the majority transported as bicarbonate ions.
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