To prevent urinary tract infection, the nurse must teach the patient the following.

Select all that apply.

Anticoagulants are medicines that increase the time it takes for blood to clot.They do not dissolve existing clots, but they can stop them from getting bigger or prevent new clots from forming.Anticoagulants work by interfering with different steps of the blood coagulation pathway, which is a complex process that involves many clotting factors.

Choice A is wrong because anticoagulants do not dissolve existing clots.To dissolve clots, you need medicines called thrombolytics or fibrinolytics, which break down the fibrin that holds the clots together.

Choice B is wrong because anticoagulants do not transport platelets.

Platelets are blood cells that help with clotting by sticking together and forming a plug at the site of an injury.Anticoagulants may affect the function of platelets, but they do not move them around.

Choice D is wrong because anticoagulants do not increase blood viscosity.

Viscosity is a measure of how thick and sticky a fluid is.

Anticoagulants are sometimes called blood thinners, but they do not actually change the viscosity of blood.They just make it less likely to clot.

Normal ranges for blood clotting tests vary depending on the type of test and the laboratory that performs it.

Some common tests and their normal ranges are:

• Prothrombin time (PT): 11 to 13.5 seconds

• International normalized ratio (INR): 0.8 to 1.2

• Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT): 25 to 35 seconds

• Anti-factor Xa: 0.3 to 0.7 units/mL

• D-dimer: less than 0.5 mcg/mL

PT stands for prothrombin time, which is a measure of how long it takes the blood to clot. INR stands for international normalized ratio, which is a standardized way of reporting the PT result. Warfarin is a blood thinner that works by slowing down the clotting process.Therefore, people who take warfarin need to have their PT/INR monitored regularly to make sure they are getting the right dose and not bleeding too much or too little.

Choice A is wrong because PTT stands for partial thromboplastin time, which is another measure of blood clotting that is not affected by warfarin.PTT is used to monitor heparin, another type of blood thinner.

Choice C is wrong because CBC stands for complete blood count, which is a test that measures the number and types of cells in the blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.CBC can show if there is anemia, infection or bleeding, but it does not measure the effect of warfarin on clotting.

Choice D is wrong because LFTs stand for liver function tests, which are a group of tests that check how well the liver is working.

LFTs can show if there is liver damage or disease, which can affect how warfarin is metabolized and cleared from the body.However, LFTs do not directly measure the effect of warfarin on clotting.

The normal range for PT/INR varies depending on the laboratory and the reason for taking warfarin.

Generally, the normal range for PT is 10 to 13 seconds, and the normal range for INR is 1.1 or below for healthy people.For people taking warfarin, the target INR range depends on their condition and risk factors, but it is usually between 2.0 and 3.0.