Wayne, a 60-year-old in good health, has difficulty reading fine print and focusing on nearby objects. His vision difficulties cannot be attributed to injury or disease. Wayne's difficulty is most likely the result of which of the following?

A. Formal operational: Piaget’s formal operational stage (roughly 11+) is when abstract, hypothetical, and deductive reasoning emerges.
B. Concrete operational: Concrete operational (7-11) enables logical thinking about concrete situations but not full abstract/hypothetical thought.
C. Postconventional: Postconventional is a stage in Kohlberg’s moral development, not a Piagetian cognitive stage.
D. Passive: “Passive” is not a Piagetian stage and doesn’t describe the emergence of abstract reasoning.
E. Active: “Active” is not a standard Piagetian stage label; Piaget contrasts continuity/discontinuity and stage names.

A. Stereotype threat worsens a person's performance on intelligence tests: This demonstrates social/environmental effects on test performance, not genetic influence.
B. There is a positive correlation between socioeconomic status (SES) and intelligence:This shows environmental confounds (SES effects), which could reflect environment rather than genes.
C. Identical twins' intelligence test scores are more highly correlated than those of fraternal twins:higher concordance for monozygotic (identical) than dizygotic (fraternal) twins provides strong evidence for genetic influence because identical twins share ~100% of genes while fraternal twins share ~50%.
D. Siblings raised together have more highly correlated intelligence test scores than siblings raised apart: This suggests environmental (shared family) effects rather than pure genetic influence.
E. Intelligence test scores are more stable in adolescence than in childhood: Stability over time speaks to reliability and developmental trajectories, not directly to heritability.