What are some legal and ethical issues that hospitals face? Select all that apply.

Rationale:

A. Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plan: PPO plans typically offer members greater flexibility in choosing healthcare providers and may not have as strict requirements for referrals to specialists, reducing barriers to access.

B. Medicare advantage plans: Medicare Advantage plans, also known as Medicare Part C, offer additional benefits beyond traditional Medicare, but they may not exhibit the same issues with access to primary and specialty care as other managed care plans.

C. Medicaid managed care: Medicaid managed care plans vary by state and may have different structures for accessing care, but they often emphasize primary care coordination and may not exhibit the same issues with access as HMO plans.

D. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans: HMO plans typically require members to select a primary care physician (PCP) and obtain referrals from the PCP to see specialists. This structure can create barriers to accessing specialty care, particularly if there are limitations in provider networks or delays in obtaining referrals.

Rationale:

A. Health insurance companies: While health insurance companies play a significant role in healthcare financing and administration, they are not typically drivers of future change in healthcare service delivery.

B. Technological innovation: Technological advancements, such as telemedicine, artificial

intelligence, wearable devices, and precision medicine, are major forces shaping the future of healthcare service delivery by improving access, efficiency, and patient outcomes.

C. Lawyers: While legal factors may influence aspects of healthcare delivery, they are not typically considered primary forces for future change in service delivery.

D. Doctors and Nurses: While healthcare professionals are integral to the delivery of care, they are not drivers of systemic changes in healthcare service delivery.