What are some of the signs of Parkinson's disease?
Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, postural instability
Dysphagia
Psychiatric changes: depression, anxiety, dementia, delirium, hallucinations
All of the above
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A: Tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia/akinesia, postural instability are correct because they are the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. They are caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain that control movement. Tremors are involuntary shaking of the limbs or other body parts. Rigidity is stiffness or resistance to movement. Bradykinesia/akinesia is slowness or absence of movement. Postural instability is impaired balance or coordination.
Choice B: Dysphagia is correct because it is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease. It is difficulty swallowing food or liquids. It can result from the impairment of the muscles involved in swallowing or from the reduced production of saliva. Dysphagia can cause malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration, or choking.
Choice C: Psychiatric changes: depression, anxiety, dementia, delirium, hallucinations are correct because they are also common non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. They can result from the changes in the brain chemistry or structure, the side effects of medications, or the emotional impact of living with a chronic condition. Depression is a persistent feeling of sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest. Anxiety is a feeling of nervousness, worry, or fear.
Dementia is a decline in cognitive functions such as memory, atention, or reasoning. Delirium is a sudden state of confusion, disorientation, or agitation. Hallucinations are false perceptions of things that are not there.
Choice D: All of the above are correct because they are possible signs of Parkinson's disease. However, not all patients experience all of these symptoms or to the same degree. The symptoms may vary depending on the stage and progression of the disease, the individual characteristics of the patient, and the treatment options available.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Ovarian cancer risk is increased in women who have not been pregnant, have a family history of ovarian cancer, have a personal history of breast or colon cancer, and have inherited gene mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Hormonal contraceptives, having children, and the age at which a woman had her first child have been associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer. However, these factors do not completely eliminate the risk. It is still possible for women taking hormonal contraceptives, women who have had children, and women who had their first child at an early age to develop ovarian cancer
.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Lower abdominal pelvic pain is a common clinical manifestation of ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms in its early stages, but as the cancer grows and spreads, symptoms may develop. Pelvic pain or pressure is a common symptom, along with bloating, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, and urinary urgency or frequency. Other symptoms may include fatigue, indigestion, back pain, constipation, and menstrual irregularities. A fish-like odor (a symptom of bacterial vaginosis) increased abdominal girth,
fever and chills, and leukocytosis are not typically associated with ovarian cancer. However, leukocytosis (an elevated white blood cell count) may be present in response to inflammation or infection. It is important for the nurse to assess the client's symptoms thoroughly and report any concerning findings to the healthcare provider.
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