What are the clinical manifestations of endometriosis? (select all that apply)
Pain during or after intercourse
Pelvic pain
Urinary tract infection
Infertility
Dysmenorrhea
Correct Answer : A,B,D,E
Choice A rationale
Pain during or after intercourse is a common symptom of endometriosis. The misplaced endometrial-like tissue can cause irritation and inflammation, leading to pain during or after sexual activity.
Choice B rationale
Pelvic pain is a primary symptom of endometriosis. The growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, particularly on structures within the pelvis, can lead to chronic pelvic pain. This pain may be cyclical (worsening around the menstrual period) or constant.
Choice C rationale
Urinary tract infection is not a direct clinical manifestation of endometriosis. While endometriosis can involve the urinary tract structures and cause urinary symptoms, it does not cause infections. Urinary tract infections are typically caused by bacteria, not by the presence of endometrial-like tissue.
Choice D rationale
Infertility is a potential complication of endometriosis. The presence of endometrial-like tissue can interfere with the normal function of the reproductive organs, leading to difficulties in achieving pregnancy. Approximately 30-50% of women with endometriosis may experience infertility.
Choice E rationale
Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstrual periods, is a common symptom of endometriosis. The pain is often described as far worse than typical menstrual cramps and may become more severe over time.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice D rationale
Heartburn is a primary symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and discomfort (nih.gov, n.d.).
Choice A rationale
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss, but heartburn is not a typical symptom (Healthline, 2022).
Choice B rationale
Diverticulitis results from inflammation or infection of diverticula in the colon, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits (nih.gov, n.d.).
Choice C rationale
Ulcerative colitis is another type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation and ulcers in the colon, resulting in bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain, but not typically heartburn (Healthline, 2022).
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
While insomnia can be a symptom of many conditions, it is not typically a clinical manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Choice B rationale
Electrolyte imbalance is a common clinical manifestation of CKD. This is because the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance in the body, and this function can be impaired in CKD910111213.
Choice C rationale
Weight loss can occur in CKD, but it is not one of the most common clinical manifestations3.
Choice D rationale
A normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is not a clinical manifestation of CKD. In fact, a decreased GFR is one of the key indicators of CKD.
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