What is the drug dosage after reconstitution for IM administration? (Use LABEL #2- CEFTRIAXONE)

Choice A rationale

A drug allergy is an adverse immune-mediated reaction to a drug, involving antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes. Symptoms can range from rash and itching to anaphylaxis, occurring upon re-exposure. This client's reaction, wakefulness instead of sedation, does not align with typical allergic manifestations involving the immune system.

Choice B rationale

Drug tolerance is a diminished physiological response to a drug after repeated administration, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. This develops due to adaptive changes in drug receptors or metabolism. The client's experience of wakefulness, an opposite effect, is not indicative of tolerance to the drug's intended hypnotic action.

Choice C rationale

A toxic effect occurs when drug levels in the body exceed the therapeutic range, leading to harmful effects on organs or systems. This is often dose-dependent and can manifest as organ damage or severe side effects. While adverse, the described reaction of wakefulness is not typically classified as a toxic effect of Ambien.

Choice D rationale

An idiosyncratic reaction is an uncharacteristic or unpredictable response to a drug that is not an allergic reaction and does not involve known pharmacological properties. These reactions are often genetically determined and represent an individual's unique sensitivity. The paradoxical wakefulness from a sedative like Ambien is a classic example of an idiosyncratic drug response.

Choice A rationale

Graphesthesia is a sensory ability that allows an individual to recognize numbers or letters traced on their skin with their eyes closed. This assesses cortical sensory function, specifically the ability to interpret tactile stimuli, which is distinct from identifying a three-dimensional object by touch alone.

Choice B rationale

The Romberg test assesses proprioception and cerebellar function by asking the patient to stand with feet together and eyes closed. A positive Romberg sign indicates a loss of balance, suggesting a deficit in proprioception or vestibular function, and is not related to the identification of objects by touch.

Choice C rationale

Superficial reflexes, such as the plantar reflex or abdominal reflex, are elicited by light tactile stimulation of the skin and involve spinal cord reflex arcs. These reflexes assess the integrity of specific neurological pathways and are distinct from the cognitive process of identifying an object through tactile recognition.

Choice D rationale

Stereognosis is the ability to recognize familiar objects by touch and manipulation, without visual input. This cortical sensory function integrates tactile, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic sensations to form a mental image of the object's shape, size, and texture, allowing for its identification.