What type of fracture occurs when one side of the bone is broken, and the other side is bent?

Nonunion occurs when the fractured bone fails to heal and fuse together despite appropriate treatment. It is associated with persistent pain and limited function.

b. Malunion: Malunion refers to a fracture that heals in an incorrect position or alignment, but it may or may not cause persistent pain and limited function.
c. Delayed union: Delayed union refers to a fracture that takes longer than usual to heal but eventually heals properly. It is not specifically associated with persistent pain and limited function.
d. Osteomyelitis: Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can develop as a complication of fractures, but it may or may not cause persistent pain and limited function, depending on its severity and treatment response.

Smoking is associated with an increased risk of fractures because it can negatively impact bone health, reduce bone density, and impair bone healing.

a. Adequate calcium intake: Adequate calcium intake is essential for maintaining strong bones and reducing the risk of fractures, so it is not associated with an increased risk.
b. Regular weight-bearing exercise: Regular weight-bearing exercise helps improve bone density and reduces fracture risk, so it is not associated with an increased risk.
d. Maintaining a healthy body weight: Maintaining a healthy body weight is beneficial for overall health, but it is not specifically associated with an increased risk of fractures.