Which type of fracture occurs when a piece of bone is torn away by a ligament or tendon?

Hypertrophic nonunion occurs when there is excessive callus formation at the fracture site, but the bone ends fail to unite. This can lead to persistent pain and limited function.

a. Nonunion: Nonunion occurs when the fractured bone fails to heal and fuse together, but it does not involve excessive callus formation.
b. Malunion: Malunion refers to a fracture that heals in an incorrect position or alignment, and it is not directly related to excessive callus formation.
c. Delayed union: Delayed union refers to a fracture that takes longer than usual to heal, and it is not specifically characterized by excessive callus formation.

An avulsion fracture occurs when a piece of bone is torn away by a ligament or tendon, often due to a sudden and forceful contraction of the muscle.

a. Greenstick fracture: A greenstick fracture involves the bone bending and partially breaking, not being torn away by a ligament or tendon.
b. Transverse fracture: A transverse fracture occurs when the bone breaks straight across its long axis, not due to ligament or tendon forces.
d. Impacted fracture: An impacted fracture occurs when the bone fragments are driven into each other, often seen in a fall or compression injury, not involving ligament or tendon tears.