Which medical condition is a risk factor for pathological fractures?

Stress fractures are small, hairline cracks in the bone that occur due to repetitive stress or overuse. They typically present with a gradual onset of localized pain that worsens with activity.

a. Severe pain and visible deformity: Severe pain and visible deformity are more commonly seen in acute fractures resulting from trauma or high-impact injuries, not stress fractures.
b. Sudden onset of swelling and bruising: Sudden onset of swelling and bruising is more indicative of acute fractures, not stress fractures.
d. Inability to bear weight on the affected limb: Inability to bear weight may be present in some fractures, but it is not a specific characteristic of stress fractures.

A comminuted fracture is a type of fracture where the bone breaks into multiple fragments. This can occur due to a high-impact injury or significant force applied to the bone.

b. Greenstick fracture: A greenstick fracture is an incomplete fracture seen in children, where the bone bends and partially breaks on one side but remains intact on the other side.
c. Spiral fracture: A spiral fracture occurs when the bone is twisted, causing a spiral-shaped fracture line. It often results from a twisting force applied to the bone.
d. Transverse fracture: A transverse fracture is a type of fracture where the fracture line is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.