What was Dr. Hans Selye's contribution to the study of stress?

Choice A rationale

Noncompliance with medication at home, while a concern, does not necessarily warrant hospitalization on its own unless it leads to a clear and present danger to self or others. The standard of care often involves less restrictive interventions, such as outpatient care, medication management support, or case management, to address noncompliance before resorting to inpatient treatment.

Choice B rationale

Hospitalization for mental illness is generally reserved for clients who pose a clear and present danger to themselves or others. This is due to the principle of least restrictive environment, which mandates that individuals be treated in the least restrictive setting possible. When an individual's behavior escalates to the point of imminent harm, inpatient care is necessary to ensure safety.

Choice C rationale

Limited support systems in the community can increase the risk of relapse and poor outcomes, but it is not a primary criterion for psychiatric hospitalization. Community-based services, such as assertive community treatment (ACT) teams, case managers, or partial hospitalization programs, are typically employed to address inadequate support without the need for inpatient admission.

Choice D rationale

The development of new symptoms during the course of an illness, unless they signify an immediate risk of harm, is usually managed in an outpatient setting. A healthcare provider would likely adjust the treatment plan, such as changing medication or therapy, and monitor the client's response. Hospitalization is not the initial or default response for symptom fluctuation.

Choice A rationale

Elevated blood pressure and excessive sleeping are examples of physiological responses to stress. While psychological stress is the initial trigger, these physical manifestations represent the body's physiological reaction to that stressor. Elevated blood pressure is a sympathetic nervous system response, and excessive sleeping can be a physical coping mechanism or a symptom of depression, which is a physiological state.

Choice B rationale

A racing heart rate is a classic physiological response to stress, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system's release of catecholamines like adrenaline. Avoiding others, while driven by a psychological state (fear or anxiety), is a behavioral response. Therefore, this pairing includes one physiological and one behavioral response, not two purely psychological ones. The prompt asks for a pair of psychological responses.

Choice C rationale

Headaches and tense muscles are both physiological manifestations of stress. Headaches can be tension-related due to muscle constriction, and tense muscles are a direct result of the fight-or-flight response, preparing the body for action. These are physical symptoms that occur as a result of the psychological stressor but are not psychological responses themselves, as they are changes within the body's tissues and systems.

Choice D rationale

Self-doubt and apprehension are cognitive and emotional responses, respectively, which are both classified as psychological. Self-doubt is a thought process involving uncertainty about one's abilities, while apprehension is an emotional state of anxiety or fear about a future event. This pair correctly identifies two internal, mental states that are direct psychological manifestations of stress, distinct from physiological or behavioral reactions.