When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell
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The Correct Answer is A
When a virus enters a host cell, it hijacks the host's cellular machinery to replicate itself. Viral genes direct the host cell to transcribe and translate viral proteins instead of its own normal proteins. This redirection alters the host’s metabolic and genetic activities, often shutting down regular cellular processes. The host cell becomes a “viral factory,” producing viral components that are then assembled into new virions. This process can damage or kill the host cell, depending on the type of virus and replication strategy, and is a defining characteristic of viral infections, distinguishing them from non-infectious intracellular activities.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Endotoxin: Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. When these bacteria die, LPS is released into the host’s bloodstream, triggering a strong immune response. The lipid A portion of endotoxin activates macrophages to release cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which act on the hypothalamus to induce fever.
B. Exotoxin: Exotoxins are proteins secreted by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria during their growth. They are highly potent and can cause tissue damage and specific clinical syndromes, but they are not primarily responsible for fever following bacterial death.
C. Capsule proteins: Capsule components contribute to bacterial virulence by preventing phagocytosis and promoting adherence. While they enhance bacterial survival, capsule proteins do not directly trigger the cytokine-mediated fever response that is associated with endotoxin release.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Capsid: The capsid is the protein shell that encloses and protects the viral nucleic acid, which can be either DNA or RNA. It is composed of repeating protein subunits called capsomeres, which provide structural stability and facilitate attachment to host cells. The capsid plays a key role in viral infectivity and immune system recognition.
B. Cell wall: A cell wall is a rigid structure found in bacteria, fungi, and plants that provides shape and protection to the cell. Viruses do not have cell walls, as they are acellular entities and rely on host cells for replication.
C. Cytoplasm: Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance inside cells that contains organelles and metabolic machinery. Viruses lack cytoplasm entirely, as they are not true cells and cannot carry out independent metabolic processes.
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