When can a patient anticipate ipratropium’s onset of action?
2 to 3 minutes
20 to 30 minutes
45 to 60 minutes
5 to 15 minutes
The Correct Answer is D
hoice A reason: Ipratropium, an inhaled anticholinergic, has an onset of 5-15 minutes, not 2-3 minutes. It blocks muscarinic receptors, relaxing airway smooth muscle, but its action is slower than short-acting beta-agonists like albuterol, making this timeframe too rapid for ipratropium’s bronchodilation.
Choice B reason: An onset of 20-30 minutes is too slow for ipratropium. While its peak effect may take longer, initial bronchodilation begins within 5-15 minutes. This timeframe aligns with long-acting agents like salmeterol, not ipratropium, which is used for quicker relief in COPD or asthma.
Choice C reason: An onset of 45-60 minutes is incorrect for ipratropium. Its anticholinergic effect, inhibiting acetylcholine-mediated bronchoconstriction, starts within 5-15 minutes, with peak effects within 1-2 hours. This longer timeframe applies to oral medications or maintenance inhalers, not ipratropium’s inhaled delivery.
Choice D reason: Ipratropium’s onset is 5-15 minutes, as it rapidly blocks muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle, reducing bronchoconstriction in COPD or asthma. This makes it suitable for adjunctive relief in acute settings, though slower than albuterol, aligning with its pharmacodynamic profile for inhaled administration.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Resistance of pneumonia-causing bacteria does not cause vaginal yeast infections. Resistance reduces antibiotic efficacy against the target pathogen, but yeast infections result from disruption of vaginal flora, allowing Candida overgrowth, not from bacterial resistance in the lungs.
Choice B reason: Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum ones, kill normal vaginal flora like Lactobacillus, which maintain an acidic environment inhibiting Candida albicans. This disruption allows yeast overgrowth, causing vaginal candidiasis, a common side effect of antibiotic therapy for infections like pneumonia, requiring antifungal treatment.
Choice C reason: Pneumonia pathogens do not spread to cause vaginal yeast infections. Candida, a fungal organism, causes yeast infections due to flora imbalance, not bacterial spread from the lungs. Pneumonia and vaginal infections have distinct etiologies, making this an incorrect cause.
Choice D reason: An allergic reaction to antibiotics may cause rashes or anaphylaxis but not vaginal yeast infections. Yeast infections result from microbial imbalance, not immune-mediated hypersensitivity. Candida overgrowth is a microbial, not allergic, response to antibiotic-induced flora disruption.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Definitive therapy targets a confirmed infection with antibiotics chosen based on culture results. Prescribing antibiotics before a dental procedure for a heart condition aims to prevent infection, not treat an existing one, making this incorrect for endocarditis prophylaxis.
Choice B reason: Empiric therapy involves antibiotics for suspected infections without confirmed pathogens. Antibiotics before dental procedures in heart patients prevent endocarditis, not treat suspected infections. This is a preventive measure based on risk, not empiric treatment, making this incorrect.
Choice C reason: Supportive therapy addresses symptoms or supports other treatments, not infection prevention. Antibiotics before dental procedures in patients with heart conditions (e.g., valvular disease) prevent bacterial endocarditis, a specific prophylactic measure, not supportive care, making this an incorrect classification.
Choice D reason: Prophylactic antibiotic therapy prevents infections in high-risk patients, such as those with heart conditions (e.g., mitral valve prolapse) before dental procedures. It reduces the risk of bacterial endocarditis from transient bacteremia, aligning with guidelines for prophylaxis in susceptible individuals, making this correct.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.