Which administration strategy can a patient implement to reduce flushing, the most common adverse effect of niacin therapy?

Lifestyle is the greatest contributing factor that can lead to many diseases, especially noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs are responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide, and they share four major risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets.These modifiable behaviours increase the risk of metabolic risk factors such as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity, which can lead to NCDs.

Choice A is wrong because trauma is not a factor that can lead to many diseases, but rather a result of injuries or accidents that damage the body.Trauma can cause acute or chronic conditions, such as infections, bleeding, fractures, organ failure or post-traumatic stress disorder, but it is not a common cause of NCDs.

Choice C is wrong because congenital means present at birth or inherited.

Congenital diseases are caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors that affect the development of the fetus.

Some examples of congenital diseases are Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, congenital heart defects and spina bifida.

Congenital diseases are not the greatest contributing factor to many diseases because they are relatively rare and often detected early.

Choice D is wrong because genetics refers to the inherited traits from parents that influence the risk of developing certain diseases.

Genetics can play a role in some NCDs, such as cancers, diabetes and some cardiovascular diseases, but it is not the only or the most important factor.

Genetics interacts with environmental and lifestyle factors to determine the likelihood of developing a disease.

Therefore, genetics alone cannot lead to many diseases.

This is because elevating the legs can help reduce swelling and improve blood flow back to the heart by reducing the effects of gravity.Elevating the legs can also prevent blood from pooling in the veins and reduce the risk of blood clots.

Choice A is wrong because dangling the legs can increase swelling and pressure in the veins, which can worsen peripheral venous disease (PVD) symptoms and complications.

Choice B is wrong because sitting in one position for prolonged hours can impair blood circulation and increase the risk of blood clots, especially in the lower legs.People with PVD should avoid crossing their legs, wearing tight clothing, or sitting for long periods without moving.

Choice D is wrong because standing in one position can also increase swelling and pressure in the veins, which can lead to pain, ulcers, and skin changes.People with PVD should avoid standing for long periods without moving or changing positions.

Some additional information:

Peripheral venous disease (PVD) is a condition that affects blood flow in the veins and arteries outside of your heart and brain.

It can be caused by narrowing, blocking, or spasming of the blood vessels, or by blood clots in the veins.PVD can cause pain and fatigue, especially in the legs, and can lead to serious complications such as gangrene or amputation.

The most common cause of PVD is atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque inside the artery wall.

Plaque reduces the amount of blood flow to the limbs and decreases the oxygen and nutrients available to the tissue.Other causes of PVD may include injury, infection, irregular anatomy of muscles or ligaments, or inflammation of the blood vessels.

The normal range of blood pressure in the veins is about 10 to 20 mmHg.

The normal range of oxygen saturation in the veins is about 60 to 80%.

The normal range of pulse rate in the veins is about 60 to 100 beats per minute.