A patient is diagnosed with hypertension.
What is the initial recommendation for this patient likely to be?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
Combination diuretic.
Beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
Diet and exercise.
The Correct Answer is D
According to the International Society of Hypertension, lifestyle interventions are recommended for three to six months before medication in patients with grade 1 hypertension (BP < 160/100 mm Hg) and no comorbidities. Diet and exercise can lower BP by reducing weight, sodium intake, alcohol consumption, and stress levels.
Choice A is wrong because angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are not the first-line medication for hypertension in the general population. They are preferred in patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or heart failure.
Choice B is wrong because combination diuretics are not the initial recommendation for hypertension. They are used when monotherapy is not sufficient to achieve the target BP or when there is fluid retention.
Choice C is wrong because beta-adrenergic blocking agents are not the first-line medication for hypertension in the general population. They are preferred in patients with ischemic heart disease, heart failure, or arrhythmias.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Nitroglycerin transdermal patches are used to prevent episodes of angina (chest pain) in people who have coronary artery disease (narrowing of the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart).Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that works by relaxing the blood vessels so that the heart does not need to work as hard and therefore does not need as much oxygen.However, if nitroglycerin is used continuously, the body may develop tolerance to its effects, meaning that it will not work as well to prevent angina attacks.Therefore, it is important to remove the patch at bedtime and apply a new one in the morning, leaving a 10-12 hour nitrate-free interval.This way, the body can restore its sensitivity to nitroglycerin and avoid angina episodes during the day.
Choice A is wrong because allergic response is not a common reason to remove the patch at night.Although some people may experience skin irritation or rash from the patch, this is usually mild and does not require discontinuation of the medication.If the skin reaction is severe or bothersome, the patch can be applied to a different area of the skin or switched to another form of nitroglycerin.
Choice C is wrong because overdose is unlikely to occur from using the patch as prescribed.Nitroglycerin patches come in doses ranging from 0.1 milligrams per hour to 0.8 mg/hr, and should be placed on clean, dry, and hairless skin for 12-14 hours and removed for 10-12 hours.If a patch loosens or falls off, it should be replaced with a fresh one.Overdose symptoms may include severe headache, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, sweating, chest pain, fast or irregular heartbeat, difficulty breathing, fainting, or seizures.If these occur, the patch should be removed immediately and medical attention should be sought.
Choice D is wrong because management of BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) is not related to nitroglycerin use.
BPH is a condition
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Lifestyle is the greatest contributing factor that can lead to many diseases, especially noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), NCDs are responsible for 74% of all deaths worldwide, and they share four major risk factors: tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets.These modifiable behaviours increase the risk of metabolic risk factors such as raised blood pressure, increased blood glucose, elevated blood lipids and obesity, which can lead to NCDs.
Choice A is wrong because trauma is not a factor that can lead to many diseases, but rather a result of injuries or accidents that damage the body.Trauma can cause acute or chronic conditions, such as infections, bleeding, fractures, organ failure or post-traumatic stress disorder, but it is not a common cause of NCDs.
Choice C is wrong because congenital means present at birth or inherited.
Congenital diseases are caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors that affect the development of the fetus.
Some examples of congenital diseases are Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, congenital heart defects and spina bifida.
Congenital diseases are not the greatest contributing factor to many diseases because they are relatively rare and often detected early.
Choice D is wrong because genetics refers to the inherited traits from parents that influence the risk of developing certain diseases.
Genetics can play a role in some NCDs, such as cancers, diabetes and some cardiovascular diseases, but it is not the only or the most important factor.
Genetics interacts with environmental and lifestyle factors to determine the likelihood of developing a disease.
Therefore, genetics alone cannot lead to many diseases.
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