Which age-related physiological change puts a client at higher risk for adverse medication complications?

Reduced muscle mass.

Decreased renal function.

Slowed gastrointestinal motility.

Thinning of the layers of the skin.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

This is because older adults have a reduced ability to excrete drugs and their metabolites through the kidneys, which can lead to drug accumulation and toxicity. Decreased renal function can also affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many drugs, altering their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.

Choice A is wrong because reduced muscle mass does not directly affect drug metabolism or clearance, although it may affect the volume of distribution of some drugs that are highly protein-bound or lipophilic.

Choice C is wrong because slowed gastrointestinal motility does not increase the risk of adverse drug events in older adults, although it may affect the rate and extent of drug absorption.

Choice D is wrong because thinning of the layers of the skin does not affect drug metabolism or clearance, although it may increase the risk of skin infections or injuries.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Rhonchi. Rhonchi are low-pitched, rattling sounds that indicate mucus in the larger airways. They are most evident on expiration and may decrease after coughing.

Choice B is wrong because wheezes are high-pitched, squeaking sounds that indicate narrowed small air passages. They are usually heard on both inspiration and expiration.

Choice C is wrong because crackles are short, high-pitched popping sounds that indicate fluid or inflammation in the alveoli. They are usually heard on inspiration.

Choice D is wrong because pleural friction rubs are creaking or grating sounds that indicate inflammation of the pleura. They are usually heard on both inspiration and expiration and do not change with coughing.

A. Do your gums bleed when you brush your teeth?. B. Are you taking the medication as prescribed?. C. Have you noticed blood in your stools?. D. Do you have any unusual bruising?.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Are you taking the medication as prescribed? This is because warfarin is a blood-thinning medication that affects the prothrombin time (PT) and the international normalized ratio (INR).

The PT measures how long it takes for blood to clot, and the INR is a calculation based on the PT that standardizes the results across different laboratories. A normal INR range is 0.8 to 1.1 for people who are not taking warfarin. People who take warfarin usually have a target INR range of 2 to 3, depending on their condition.

An INR of 0.8 means that the blood clots faster than normal, which increases the risk of blood clots and strokes.

This could indicate that the client is not taking enough warfarin or is taking other medications or foods that interfere with warfarin’s effect.

Choice A is wrong because bleeding gums are a sign of excessive bleeding, which could happen if the INR is too high, not too low.

Choice C is wrong because blood in stools is also a sign of excessive bleeding, which could happen if the INR is too high, not too low.

Choice D is wrong because unusual bruising is another sign of excessive bleeding, which could happen if the INR is too high, not too low.

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Which age-related physiological change puts a client at higher risk for adverse medication complications?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse assessing a client’s lung sounds hears continuous low-pitched harsh rattling sounds over the client’s trachea that are most evident on expiration and are decreased after coughing. Which term is the appropriate choice to accurately document this lung sound?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A client who is taking warfarin has an international normalized ratio (INR) of 0.8. Which question should a nurse ask to further evaluate the client?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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