Which finding is the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?
Decreased skin turgor
Hypoalbuminemia
Decreased serum cholesterol
Increased serum sodium
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Decreased skin turgor is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a sign of dehydration, not nephrotic syndrome. Dehydration is a condition where the body loses more fluid than it takes in, which can cause the skin to lose its elasticity and firmness. Dehydration can be caused by various factors, such as vomiting, diarrhea, fever, or excessive sweating.
Choice B reason: Hypoalbuminemia is the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a low level of albumin, which is a protein that helps maintain the fluid balance in the body. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine, which reduces the amount of protein in the blood. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, and it helps to keep the fluid in the blood vessels, preventing it from leaking into the tissues. When the albumin level is low, the fluid can escape from the blood vessels and cause edema, which is swelling of the body parts.
Choice C reason: Decreased serum cholesterol is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a low level of cholesterol, which is a type of fat that is needed for the synthesis of hormones, bile acids, and cell membranes. Decreased serum cholesterol is not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome, because the liver tends to produce more cholesterol to compensate for the loss of protein in the urine. This can lead to hypercholesterolemia, which is a condition where the blood has a high level of cholesterol, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Choice D reason: Increased serum sodium is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a high level of sodium, which is an electrolyte that helps regulate the fluid and acid-base balance in the body. Increased serum sodium is not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome, because the kidneys tend to excrete more sodium in the urine to balance the fluid loss caused by hypoalbuminemia. This can lead to hyponatremia, which is a condition where the blood has a low level of sodium, which can cause symptoms such as confusion, weakness, seizures, and coma.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Blood clots in the peripheral blood vessels are not a cause of anemia, but a complication of it. They may occur due to increased blood viscosity, reduced blood flow, or hypercoagulability. They may cause tissue ischemia, pain, and necrosis.
Choice B reason: Decrease in bone marrow platelet production is not a cause of anemia, but a result of it. It may occur due to bone marrow suppression, infiltration, or destruction. It may cause bleeding, bruising, and petechiae.
Choice C reason: Increase in the number of circulating reticulocytes is not a cause of anemia, but a sign of it. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that are released from the bone marrow to compensate for the loss of mature red blood cells. They indicate a regenerative response to anemia.
Choice D reason: Redistribution of blood to the heart and brain is a compensatory mechanism for anemia. It occurs to maintain adequate oxygen delivery to the vital organs. It causes vasoconstriction and shunting of blood away from the skin and mucous membranes, resulting in pallor.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Fewer numbers of parietal cells in the gastric mucosa is not the best explanation because it is a condition that affects the production of gastric acid, not the development of duodenal ulcers. Parietal cells are the cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid helps to digest food and kill bacteria, while intrinsic factor helps to absorb vitamin B12. Fewer numbers of parietal cells can cause hypochlorhydria, which is a low level of gastric acid, or pernicious anemia, which is a deficiency of vitamin B12. Hypochlorhydria can increase the risk of bacterial overgrowth and infections, while pernicious anemia can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and neurological problems.
Choice B reason: Helicobacter pylori infection is the best explanation because it is the most common cause of duodenal ulcers, which are sores that form in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that can survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and the duodenum. It can damage the protective layer of mucus that covers the lining of the digestive tract, exposing it to the gastric acid and causing inflammation and ulceration. Helicobacter pylori infection can also increase the production of gastrin, which is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, and decrease the production of somatostatin, which is a hormone that inhibits the secretion of gastric acid.
Choice C reason: Slowed gastric emptying is not the best explanation because it is a condition that affects the movement of food from the stomach to the small intestine, not the development of duodenal ulcers. Gastric emptying is the process of passing the food that has been partially digested in the stomach to the duodenum, where it is further broken down and absorbed. Slowed gastric emptying can be caused by various factors, such as diabetes, medications, or nerve damage, and can result in symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, bloating, or fullness.
Choice D reason: Frequent use of acetaminophen is not the best explanation because it is a factor that affects the development of gastric ulcers, not duodenal ulcers. Acetaminophen is a type of medication that is used to relieve pain and fever. It can cause gastric ulcers by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are substances that protect the lining of the stomach from the gastric acid and promote healing. Acetaminophen can also cause liver damage if taken in high doses or for a long time.
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