Which finding is the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?
Decreased skin turgor
Hypoalbuminemia
Decreased serum cholesterol
Increased serum sodium
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Decreased skin turgor is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a sign of dehydration, not nephrotic syndrome. Dehydration is a condition where the body loses more fluid than it takes in, which can cause the skin to lose its elasticity and firmness. Dehydration can be caused by various factors, such as vomiting, diarrhea, fever, or excessive sweating.
Choice B reason: Hypoalbuminemia is the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a low level of albumin, which is a protein that helps maintain the fluid balance in the body. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine, which reduces the amount of protein in the blood. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, and it helps to keep the fluid in the blood vessels, preventing it from leaking into the tissues. When the albumin level is low, the fluid can escape from the blood vessels and cause edema, which is swelling of the body parts.
Choice C reason: Decreased serum cholesterol is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a low level of cholesterol, which is a type of fat that is needed for the synthesis of hormones, bile acids, and cell membranes. Decreased serum cholesterol is not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome, because the liver tends to produce more cholesterol to compensate for the loss of protein in the urine. This can lead to hypercholesterolemia, which is a condition where the blood has a high level of cholesterol, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Choice D reason: Increased serum sodium is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a high level of sodium, which is an electrolyte that helps regulate the fluid and acid-base balance in the body. Increased serum sodium is not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome, because the kidneys tend to excrete more sodium in the urine to balance the fluid loss caused by hypoalbuminemia. This can lead to hyponatremia, which is a condition where the blood has a low level of sodium, which can cause symptoms such as confusion, weakness, seizures, and coma.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Serum glucose 158 mg/dL (8.77 mmol/L) is not the most significant observation for an acute adrenal crisis, but a mild elevation of blood sugar. A mild elevation of blood sugar may occur due to stress, infection, medication, or diet, among other factors. It does not indicate a severe deficiency of adrenal hormones, which is the cause of an acute adrenal crisis.
Choice B reason: Blood pressure 98/52 mm Hg is the most significant observation for an acute adrenal crisis, as it indicates a condition called hypotension. Hypotension is a low blood pressure that may cause dizziness, fainting, shock, or organ failure. It is a sign of an acute adrenal crisis, which is a life-threatening emergency that occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce enough cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol and aldosterone are hormones that regulate blood pressure, blood sugar, and electrolyte balance.
Choice C reason: Weight gain 3 pounds (1.36 kg) in 24 hours is not the most significant observation for an acute adrenal crisis, but a possible sign of fluid retention. Fluid retention may occur due to heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, or medication, among other causes. It does not indicate a severe deficiency of adrenal hormones, which is the cause of an acute adrenal crisis.
Choice D reason: Insomnia and restlessness are not the most significant observations for an acute adrenal crisis, but possible symptoms of anxiety, stress, or hyperthyroidism. Anxiety, stress, and hyperthyroidism may cause difficulty sleeping, nervousness, or agitation, among other effects. They do not indicate a severe deficiency of adrenal hormones, which is the cause of an acute adrenal crisis.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is not the correct answer because it is a type of cancer that affects the lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell that are part of the immune system. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma does not have Reed-Sternberg cells, which are abnormal, large, and multinucleated cells that are characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma.
Choice B reason: Multiple myeloma is not the correct answer because it is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells, which are a type of lymphocyte that produce antibodies. Multiple myeloma does not have Reed-Sternberg cells, but it can have abnormal plasma cells that are called myeloma cells.
Choice C reason: Hodgkin lymphoma is the correct answer because it is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a network of organs, tissues, and vessels that help fight infections and diseases. Hodgkin lymphoma has Reed-Sternberg cells, which are the hallmark of this disease. Reed-Sternberg cells are thought to be derived from B lymphocytes, which are a type of lymphocyte that produce antibodies.
Choice D reason: Acute lymphocytic leukemia is not the correct answer because it is a type of cancer that affects the immature lymphocytes, which are called lymphoblasts. Acute lymphocytic leukemia does not have Reed-Sternberg cells, but it can have abnormal lymphoblasts that are called leukemic cells.
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