Which finding is the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome?
Decreased skin turgor
Hypoalbuminemia
Decreased serum cholesterol
Increased serum sodium
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Decreased skin turgor is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a sign of dehydration, not nephrotic syndrome. Dehydration is a condition where the body loses more fluid than it takes in, which can cause the skin to lose its elasticity and firmness. Dehydration can be caused by various factors, such as vomiting, diarrhea, fever, or excessive sweating.
Choice B reason: Hypoalbuminemia is the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a low level of albumin, which is a protein that helps maintain the fluid balance in the body. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine, which reduces the amount of protein in the blood. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, and it helps to keep the fluid in the blood vessels, preventing it from leaking into the tissues. When the albumin level is low, the fluid can escape from the blood vessels and cause edema, which is swelling of the body parts.
Choice C reason: Decreased serum cholesterol is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a low level of cholesterol, which is a type of fat that is needed for the synthesis of hormones, bile acids, and cell membranes. Decreased serum cholesterol is not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome, because the liver tends to produce more cholesterol to compensate for the loss of protein in the urine. This can lead to hypercholesterolemia, which is a condition where the blood has a high level of cholesterol, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Choice D reason: Increased serum sodium is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a high level of sodium, which is an electrolyte that helps regulate the fluid and acid-base balance in the body. Increased serum sodium is not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome, because the kidneys tend to excrete more sodium in the urine to balance the fluid loss caused by hypoalbuminemia. This can lead to hyponatremia, which is a condition where the blood has a low level of sodium, which can cause symptoms such as confusion, weakness, seizures, and coma.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Initiates the fibrinolytic process in the arteries is not a role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis, but a protective mechanism against it. Fibrinolysis is the breakdown of blood clots by enzymes such as plasmin. It prevents the formation of thrombi that can occlude the arteries and cause ischemia.
Choice B reason: Decreases highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels is not a role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis, but an indicator of it. hsCRP is a marker of systemic inflammation that is produced by the liver in response to cytokines. It is elevated in patients with atherosclerosis and correlates with the risk of cardiovascular events.
Choice C reason: Damages the endothelium of the arteries is the main role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis. Endothelial injury exposes the subendothelial layer to the blood, which triggers the adhesion of monocytes and platelets. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages and engulf oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL), forming foam cells. Foam cells accumulate in the intima and form fatty streaks, which are the earliest lesions of atherosclerosis.
Choice D reason: Causes diffuse arterial vasoconstriction is not a role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis, but a consequence of it. Atherosclerosis narrows the lumen of the arteries and reduces the blood flow to the tissues. This causes ischemia, which stimulates the release of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II and endothelin. Vasoconstriction further worsens the ischemia and increases the blood pressure.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Hyperplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the number of cells in a tissue or organ increases, which can be caused by various factors, such as hormones, inflammation, or stress. Hyperplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the increase of cell number.
Choice B reason: Metaplasia is the best term because it is a condition where the type of cells in a tissue or organ changes, usually in response to chronic irritation or injury. Metaplasia involves the replacement of one type of cell with another type of cell that is more resistant to the harmful stimulus, but less specialized in function. Metaplasia can occur in the bronchi, which are the airways that branch from the trachea to the lungs, and are normally lined with ciliated columnar cells, which are cells that have hair-like projections that help to move mucus and foreign particles out of the respiratory tract. Metaplasia can replace the ciliated columnar cells with stratified squamous epithelial cells, which are cells that have multiple layers and a flat shape, and are more durable, but less effective in clearing the airways.
Choice C reason: Neoplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the growth of cells in a tissue or organ is abnormal and uncontrolled, which can result in the formation of tumors, which are masses of abnormal cells that can be benign or malignant. Neoplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the abnormal proliferation of cells.
Choice D reason: Dysplasia is not the best term because it is a condition where the shape, size, and organization of cells in a tissue or organ are abnormal, which can be caused by various factors, such as chronic inflammation, infection, or precancerous changes. Dysplasia does not involve the change of cell type, but the alteration of cell morphology and arrangement.
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