Which of the following antibiotics is known for its potential to cause nephrotoxicity?

A. Hyperventilate the client on 100% oxygen prior to suctioning: Pre-oxygenating the client helps prevent hypoxemia during suctioning, especially when removing copious secretions. Delivering 100% oxygen for 30–60 seconds before the procedure increases oxygen reserves and improves patient safety.

B. Lubricate the suction catheter tip with sterile saline: Lubricating the catheter with saline is not recommended because it does not improve suctioning efficacy and may introduce infection. Sterile water or saline is only used to loosen thick secretions if prescribed.

C. Perform chest physiotherapy prior to suctioning: Chest physiotherapy can assist with mobilizing secretions, but it is not always required immediately before suctioning. The priority is ensuring airway patency and preventing hypoxemia during suctioning.

D. Suction two to three times with a 60-second pause between passes: Suction passes should be limited to 10–15 seconds with intermittent oxygenation between passes. Prolonged suctioning or extended pauses can increase the risk of hypoxemia and patient distress.

A. Soft and symmetrical abdomen: A soft, non-tender, and symmetrical abdomen is a normal finding and generally indicates no acute abdominal pathology.

B. Prominent venous patterns with dilated veins: Visible, dilated abdominal veins can indicate portal hypertension, liver disease, or obstruction of venous return. This finding warrants further evaluation to determine the underlying cause.

C. Tympanic upon percussion of the abdomen: Tympany is a normal percussion sound over most of the abdomen due to the presence of gas in the intestines. This is an expected finding during assessment.

D. Positive rebound tenderness: Rebound tenderness suggests peritoneal irritation, which may indicate appendicitis, peritonitis, or other acute abdominal conditions. Immediate investigation is necessary.

E. Centrally located and inverted umbilicus: A midline, inverted umbilicus is a normal anatomical finding and does not require further evaluation unless accompanied by other abnormalities such as hernia or discharge.

F. Hyperactive bowel sounds in all quadrants: Hyperactive bowel sounds may indicate early bowel obstruction, gastroenteritis, or diarrhea. This abnormal finding should be assessed further to identify the cause.