Which of the following are clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Insomnia
Electrolyte imbalance
Weight loss
Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
While insomnia can be a symptom of many conditions, it is not typically a clinical manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Choice B rationale
Electrolyte imbalance is a common clinical manifestation of CKD. This is because the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance in the body, and this function can be impaired in CKD910111213.
Choice C rationale
Weight loss can occur in CKD, but it is not one of the most common clinical manifestations3.
Choice D rationale
A normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is not a clinical manifestation of CKD. In fact, a decreased GFR is one of the key indicators of CKD.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Stress incontinence is not caused by a detrusor muscle problem. The detrusor muscle is the muscle in the wall of the bladder, and problems with this muscle are more commonly associated with urge incontinence.
Choice B rationale
Stress incontinence is indeed caused by a pelvic floor muscle problem. Weakness in these muscles can lead to urine leakage when pressure is placed on the bladder, such as when coughing, sneezing, or lifting heavy objects.
Choice C rationale
Stress incontinence does not only occur during sleep. It can occur at any time when pressure is placed on the bladder.
Choice D rationale
While stress incontinence is more common in women, it does not occur in women only. Men can also experience stress incontinence, although it is less common.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. It is not typically the location of a pyelonephritis infection.
Choice B rationale
The bladder is part of the lower urinary tract and is typically not the location of a pyelonephritis infection.
Choice C rationale
The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. While they can be affected by urinary tract infections, they are not typically the primary location of a pyelonephritis infection.
Choice D rationale
Pyelonephritis is an infection that occurs in the kidneys. It typically starts in the lower urinary tract, such as the bladder, and then spreads to one or both kidneys.
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