Which of the following are clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Insomnia
Electrolyte imbalance
Weight loss
Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale
While insomnia can be a symptom of many conditions, it is not typically a clinical manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Choice B rationale
Electrolyte imbalance is a common clinical manifestation of CKD. This is because the kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining electrolyte balance in the body, and this function can be impaired in CKD910111213.
Choice C rationale
Weight loss can occur in CKD, but it is not one of the most common clinical manifestations3.
Choice D rationale
A normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is not a clinical manifestation of CKD. In fact, a decreased GFR is one of the key indicators of CKD.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. It is not typically the location of a pyelonephritis infection.
Choice B rationale
The bladder is part of the lower urinary tract and is typically not the location of a pyelonephritis infection.
Choice C rationale
The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. While they can be affected by urinary tract infections, they are not typically the primary location of a pyelonephritis infection.
Choice D rationale
Pyelonephritis is an infection that occurs in the kidneys. It typically starts in the lower urinary tract, such as the bladder, and then spreads to one or both kidneys.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Loss of insulin receptors on the target cell, resulting in insulin resistance, is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus, not type 15.
Choice B rationale
Overproduction of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas is not a characteristic of type 1 diabetes mellitus. In fact, type 1 diabetes involves a lack of insulin due to the destruction of beta cells.
Choice C rationale
A pituitary tumor in the brain, resulting in increased antidiuretic hormone production, is not related to the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Choice D rationale
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is indeed caused by the destruction of the beta cells within the pancreas, which results in an inability to produce insulin.
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