Which of the following assessment(s) is/are considered reliable in the older adult? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A reason: FACE pain rating scale is not the most useful assessment tool for a cognitively impaired patient who cannot accurately report pain, as it relies on the patient's ability to match their pain intensity to a series of facial expressions. The patient may not be able to understand or use the scale appropriately.

Choice B reason: OLDCART-based assessment tool is not the most useful assessment tool for a cognitively impaired patient who cannot accurately report pain, as it relies on the patient's ability to provide detailed information about the onset, location, duration, characteristics, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and treatment of their pain. The patient may not be able to recall or communicate this information effectively.

Choice C reason: PAINAD scale is the most useful assessment tool for a cognitively impaired patient who cannot accurately report pain, as it relies on the nurse's observation of the patient's behavior and physiological responses to pain. The scale consists of five items: breathing, vocalization, facial expression, body language, and consolability. Each item is scored from 0 to 2, and the total score ranges from 0 to 10. A higher score indicates more pain.

Choice D reason: 0 to 10 numeric pain scale is not the most useful assessment tool for a cognitively impaired patient who cannot accurately report pain, as it relies on the patient's ability to rate their pain intensity on a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). The patient may not be able to comprehend or use the scale correctly.

Choice E reason: None of the above is not the correct answer, as there is one choice that is the most useful assessment tool for a cognitively impaired patient who cannot accurately report pain.

Choice A reason: Low back pain is a common condition that affects many older adults, as it can be caused by degenerative changes in the spine, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoporosis, or muscle strain. Low back pain can be chronic, meaning it lasts for more than three months, and can interfere with daily activities and quality of life.

Choice B reason: Hypoproteinemia is a condition where the level of protein in the blood is abnormally low, which can be caused by malnutrition, liver disease, kidney disease, or inflammation. Hypoproteinemia can cause symptoms such as edema, fatigue, weakness, or hair loss, but it does not usually cause chronic pain.

Choice C reason: Headaches are a common symptom that can affect people of any age, but they are not necessarily chronic or related to aging. Headaches can be caused by various factors, such as stress, dehydration, sinus infection, migraine, or medication. Headaches can be acute, meaning they last for a short time, or chronic, meaning they occur for more than 15 days a month.

Choice D reason: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects many older adults, as it causes the cartilage that cushions the joints to wear away, resulting in pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint, but it is more common in the knees, hips, hands, and spine. Osteoarthritis can be chronic, meaning it worsens over time, and can limit the ability to perform daily tasks and enjoy life.

Choice E reason: Hip replacement is a surgical procedure that replaces a damaged or diseased hip joint with an artificial one, which can improve pain, function, and quality of life. However, hip replacement can also cause chronic pain, either due to complications, such as infection, dislocation, or loosening of the implant, or due to persistent inflammation, nerve damage, or scar tissue.