Which of the following cellular adaptations can be both reversible and irreversible (dependent on type)
Atrophy
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
The Correct Answer is E
A. Atrophy: Atrophy (reduction in cell size and function) is usually reversible if the causative stimulus is removed, though prolonged or severe atrophy may lead to cell loss - generally considered primarily reversible.
B. Hyperplasia: Hyperplasia (increase in cell number) is often reversible when the stimulus ends (e.g., hormonal hyperplasia), although some pathological hyperplasias can persist or predispose to neoplasia.
C. Hypertrophy: Hypertrophy (increase in cell size) is typically reversible with removal of the stimulus (e.g., muscle atrophy after disuse), but long-standing pathologic hypertrophy (e.g., cardiac) can lead to irreversible damage.
D. Metaplasia: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another better suited to a chronic stress; however long-term metaplasia can progress to dysplasia.
E. Dysplasia: Dysplasia describes disordered cellular growth and architecture; it can be reversible if mild and the injurious stimulus is removed, but it can be irreversible if it progresses toward neoplasia - therefore dysplasia is classically described as potentially reversible or irreversible depending on type/severity.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Infection: Some infections (esp. urinary tract infections) can cause transient proteinuria, but infection is not the most specific cause.
B. Bleed: Bleeding (hematuria) shows blood in urine, not protein as the defining marker.
C. Diabetes: Diabetes (diabetic nephropathy) commonly causes persistent proteinuria, but proteinuria itself more directly indicates renal involvement.
D. Liver failure: Liver disease does not typically cause proteinuria as a primary finding.
E. Kidney disease: Protein in the urine (proteinuria) is most directly a sign of kidney dysfunction/glomerular damage (though causes include diabetes, hypertension, infection, etc.).
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. To predict a prognosis: Predisposing factors can help estimate risk and influence prognosis, but prognosis also depends on disease stage and response to treatment - this is a useful but not the primary public-health focus.
B. To determine treatments: Knowing predisposing factors can guide individualized management (e.g., controlling diabetes reduces infection risk), but treatment decisions usually depend on current disease state as well.
C. To develop preventative measures: Identifying predisposing factors is fundamental for prevention (screening, lifestyle modification, vaccination, risk-reduction strategies) to reduce disease incidence.
D. To develop morbidity statistics: Predisposing-factor data contribute to epidemiology and morbidity statistics, but that is a secondary use compared with prevention.
E. To test new drug treatments: While epidemiologic knowledge can inform research priorities, testing new drugs is not the primary reason we identify predisposing factors.
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