A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles and release of cellular debris. What term would the nurse use to define this process?
Necrosis.
Apoptosis.
Adaptation.
Pathologic calcification.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A Reason:
Necrosis is the term used to describe the death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, particularly when it involves severe cell swelling, breakdown of organelles, and release of cellular debris. This process is typically uncontrolled and results from factors such as lack of blood flow (ischemia), toxins, or trauma. In the context of a heart attack, necrosis occurs due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients, leading to cell death and tissue damage.
Choice B Reason:
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in a controlled and regulated manner. It is a natural process that helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells without causing inflammation. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis involves cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation, but it does not result in the release of cellular debris.
Choice C Reason:
Adaptation refers to the changes that cells undergo in response to stress or adverse conditions to survive and maintain function. These changes can include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia. Adaptation is a reversible process and does not involve cell death or the breakdown of cellular components.
Choice D Reason:
Pathologic calcification is the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissues. It can occur in areas of necrosis (dystrophic calcification) or in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia (metastatic calcification). While pathologic calcification can be associated with cell injury and death, it is not the primary process described in the scenario of a heart attack leading to cell death with severe swelling and breakdown of organelles.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
To determine how much of the medication remains in the body after a certain period, we need to understand the concept of half-life. The half-life of a medication is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half. For Medication A, the half-life is 3 hours. After 12 hours, which is four half-lives, the amount of medication remaining can be calculated step by step.
Choice B Reason:
Let’s break down the calculation. Initially, the patient receives 400 mg of Medication A. After the first half-life (3 hours), the amount of medication remaining is 400 mg ÷ 2 = 200 mg. After the second half-life (6 hours), the amount remaining is 200 mg ÷ 2 = 100 mg. After the third half-life (9 hours), the amount remaining is 100 mg ÷ 2 = 50 mg. Finally, after the fourth half-life (12 hours), the amount remaining is 50 mg ÷ 2 = 25 mg. Therefore, 375 mg is not a correct answer.
Choice C Reason:
Similarly, 150 mg is not correct. As shown in the detailed calculation, the amount of medication decreases by half every 3 hours. After 12 hours, the remaining amount is 25 mg, not 150 mg. This choice does not align with the half-life calculation.
Choice D Reason:
This is the correct answer. The step-by-step calculation shows that after 12 hours, which is equivalent to four half-lives, the amount of Medication A remaining in the patient’s body is 25 mg. This demonstrates the principle of half-life and how the concentration of a drug decreases over time.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
The statement that the medication will be completely out of the patient’s body after three days is incorrect. The half-life of a drug indicates the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to reduce by half. After one half-life (one day), 50% of the drug remains. After two half-lives (two days), 25% remains. After three half-lives (three days), 12.5% remains. Therefore, some amount of the drug will still be present in the body after three days.
Choice B Reason:
To calculate the amount of medication remaining after three days, we use the half-life formula. Starting with 10 mg, after one day (one half-life), 5 mg remains. After two days (two half-lives), 2.5 mg remains. After three days (three half-lives), 1.25 mg remains. This calculation shows that 1.25 mg of the medication will still be in the patient’s body after three days.
Choice C Reason:
The choice of 5 mg is incorrect because it represents the amount of medication remaining after one half-life (one day), not three half-lives. After one day, 50% of the initial dose remains, which is 5 mg. However, the question asks for the amount remaining after three days.
Choice D Reason:
The choice of 1 mg is also incorrect. After three half-lives, the amount of medication remaining is 12.5% of the initial dose. For an initial dose of 10 mg, this would be 1.25 mg, not 1 mg. The calculation must accurately reflect the reduction by half for each half-life period.
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