Which of the following identifies the amount of urine that an average adult produces per day?

a. Insulin and glucagon: These hormones have opposite effects on blood glucose levels; insulin decreases blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake, while glucagon increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis.

b. Ghrelin and gastrin: Ghrelin stimulates appetite, and gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion, but they do not directly oppose each other.

c. Calcitonin and melatonin: Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels, while melatonin regulates sleep-wake cycles; they do not act as antagonists.

d. Androsterone and estradiol: These are sex hormones with different roles but are not direct antagonists; they do not have opposing effects in the body.

a: Receptor - Receptors are proteins that bind to signaling molecules (ligands) outside the cell and initiate cellular responses but do not typically facilitate ion movement.

b. Channel-Integral membrane proteins called ion channels create pores in the cell membrane, allowing specific ions to pass through, thus facilitating ion movement into or out of the cell.

c: Ligand - Ligands are signaling molecules that bind to receptors, activating them, but they do not facilitate ion movement.

d: Peripheral - Peripheral proteins are found on the surface of the cell membrane but are not typically involved in creating ion channels