Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine?
Urea
Albumin
Sodium
Creatinine
The Correct Answer is B
A. Urea: Urea is the major nitrogenous waste normally present in urine.
B. Albumin: Albumin in urine (albuminuria/proteinuria) is abnormal and suggests glomerular damage or increased filtration of plasma proteins.
C. Sodium: Sodium is a normal urinary electrolyte whose excretion varies with intake and hormonal control.
D. Creatinine: Creatinine is a normal waste product excreted in urine and used clinically to assess renal function.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Glomerulus:The glomerulus is the filtration site; ADH/aldosterone act downstream on tubular epithelial cells, not on glomerular filtration directly.
B. Loop of Henle: The loop establishes the medullary gradient; ADH/aldosterone have limited direct action here (ADH affects water permeability mainly in collecting ducts; aldosterone acts mainly on DCT/collecting duct).
C. Vasa recta:Vasa recta are blood vessels that help preserve the medullary gradient (countercurrent exchange) but are not the primary hormone-target epithelial segments for ADH/aldosterone.
D. DCT and collecting duct:Aldosterone acts on the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct to increase Na⁺ reabsorption (and K⁺ secretion); ADH acts on the late DCT and collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins -together they adjust water and sodium retention.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Pap Smear:The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear screens cervical cells for precancerous changes (dysplasia) and is the standard test for early detection of cervical cancer.
B. BRCA test: BRCA genetic tests assess hereditary breast/ovarian cancer risk (BRCA1/2), not cervical cancer screening.
C. ELISA test: ELISA is a lab technique for detecting antibodies/antigens (used in many contexts, e.g., HIV testing) but is not a routine screening test for cervical cancer.
D. Mammogram:A mammogram is an imaging test used to screen for breast cancer, not cervical cancer.
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