Which of the following vaccines is typically recommended for older adults to prevent complications from pneumonia?

Explanation: The secondary immune response provides long-lasting immunity because of the presence of memory B cells and memory T cells. These memory cells "remember" the specific antigen and can quickly mount a strong and effective immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen, providing long-term protection.

Incorrect choices:

a. The primary immune response is primarily mediated by IgM antibodies, while the secondary immune response involves the predominance of IgG antibodies, which are more effective and provide long-lasting immunity.

b. The secondary immune response occurs after the primary immune response and is faster, not slower, due to the presence of memory cells.

c. Memory cells are a key component of the secondary immune response, playing a central role in providing rapid and robust immunity.

VI. Immune Disorders and Clinical Considerations:

Explanation: The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is recommended for adolescents to protect against certain types of HPV infections, which can lead to cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and throat cancers.

Incorrect choices:

a. The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given in infancy and does not protect against certain types of cancer.

b. The influenza vaccine is recommended annually for people of all ages to prevent the flu, not certain types of cancer.

d. The meningococcal vaccine protects against meningococcal infections, not certain types of cancer.

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