Which of the following would be a component of the body's first line of defense?
inflammation
mucous membranes
natural killer cells
phagocytes
The Correct Answer is B
A. Inflammation: Inflammation is part of the second line of defense, an innate immune response that occurs after pathogens bypass physical barriers. It involves leukocyte recruitment and vascular changes to fight infection.
B. Mucous membranes: Mucous membranes form a physical and chemical barrier that traps pathogens and prevents their entry into the body. They are a key component of the first line of defense, along with skin and secretions like saliva and tears.
C. Natural killer cells: Natural killer cells are part of the innate immune system’s second line of defense. They identify and destroy infected or abnormal cells but act after pathogens have entered the body.
D. Phagocytes: Phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, are part of the second line of defense. They engulf and destroy pathogens that have breached the first line of defense barriers.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Inguinal:The inguinal region contains large clusters of lymph nodes that drain the lower limbs, external genitalia, and lower abdominal wall. These nodes are prominent and clinically significant.
B. Axillary:Axillary lymph nodes form large clusters in the armpits, draining the upper limbs, chest, and breast tissue. They are important sites for immune surveillance and clinical examination.
C. Cervical:Cervical lymph nodes are clustered in the neck, filtering lymph from the head and neck region. They are easily palpable and play a key role in detecting infections.
D. Popliteal:The popliteal region behind the knee contains only small, sparse lymph nodes. It does not have large clusters of nodes like the inguinal, axillary, or cervical regions.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Both B and E:Chemoreceptors monitor chemical changes in the blood, such as CO₂ levels and pH (H⁺ concentration), and baroreceptors monitor blood pressure changes. Some chemoreceptors work alongside baroreceptors to regulate respiration and cardiovascular function, making both B and E correct in the context of chemical detection.
B. The amount of CO₂ and H⁺ in the blood:Chemoreceptors detect changes in CO₂ and hydrogen ion concentration, which reflect the blood’s acidity. These receptors help adjust respiration rate to maintain homeostasis of blood pH and gas levels.
C. Heart rate:Heart rate is regulated primarily by the autonomic nervous system via the sinoatrial node and baroreceptor reflexes, not directly by chemoreceptors.
D. The blood pressure change:Blood pressure changes are detected by baroreceptors, not chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors respond mainly to chemical composition rather than mechanical pressure.
E. A pH change:Chemoreceptors are sensitive to pH changes in the blood, which are influenced by CO₂ and H⁺ levels. This detection triggers adjustments in ventilation to maintain acid-base balance.
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