Which statement best defines the term 'dependence"?
The need to increase the dose over time to achieve the same effect.
A physical or psychological requirement to use a substance.
The use of an opioid analgesic medication, such as oxycodone.
A set of symptoms associated with abruptly stopping a medication.
The Correct Answer is B
A. The need to increase the dose over time to achieve the same effect: This describes tolerance, not dependence. Tolerance occurs when the body adapts to a drug, requiring larger doses to achieve the same therapeutic or euphoric effect.
B. A physical or psychological requirement to use a substance: Dependence refers to the body's adaptation to a drug, leading to physical or emotional reliance. Stopping the drug often results in withdrawal symptoms or strong cravings, demonstrating the body’s or mind’s need for continued use.
C. The use of an opioid analgesic medication, such as oxycodone: Simply taking a prescribed opioid does not define dependence. Dependence develops with continued exposure and physiological adaptation, not merely through use of an opioid medication.
D. A set of symptoms associated with abruptly stopping a medication: This defines withdrawal, not dependence itself. Withdrawal occurs as a result of dependence when the substance is reduced or discontinued, leading to physical or psychological distress.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The ability of a drug to produce a therapeutic effect: Efficacy refers to the maximum therapeutic response a drug can achieve, regardless of dose. It reflects the drug’s intrinsic ability to activate receptors or physiological pathways to produce the desired effect.
B. The time it takes to reach a therapeutic effect: This describes the onset of action, not efficacy. Onset refers to how quickly a drug begins to work after administration, which depends on absorption rate and route, not the drug’s inherent effectiveness.
C. The amount of drug required to produce an effect: This defines potency, not efficacy. Potency compares the dose needed to achieve a given effect, whereas efficacy focuses on the maximum effect achievable once all receptors are activated.
D. The highest serum concentration of a drug: This represents peak concentration, the point when the drug level in plasma is at its maximum. It does not indicate the magnitude of therapeutic response, which is the focus of efficacy.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. 8 hours: In 8 hours, four half-lives would have passed. Starting at 400 mg, the drug would decrease to 200 mg (2 hrs), 100 mg (4 hrs), 50 mg (6 hrs), and then 25 mg (8 hrs). At 8 hours, the level would be below 50 mg, not exactly 50 mg.
B. 4 hours: At 4 hours, two half-lives have passed. The concentration would decrease from 400 mg to 200 mg (2 hrs) and then to 100 mg (4 hrs). This is higher than the target concentration of 50 mg.
C. 6 hours: At 6 hours, three half-lives have passed. The drug concentration decreases from 400 mg to 200 mg (2 hrs), then to 100 mg (4 hrs), and finally to 50 mg (6 hrs). This matches the target level exactly.
D. 2 hours: After only one half-life, the concentration decreases from 400 mg to 200 mg. This is still much higher than 50 mg and does not reflect the correct timing for the required reduction.
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