Which symptoms are associated with focal impaired awareness seizures?
Generalized muscle stiffening.
Loss of consciousness.
Dreamlike state.
Emotional changes.
Automatisms.
Correct Answer : C,D,E
Choice A rationale
Generalized muscle stiffening, or tonic posturing, is characteristic of tonic-clonic seizures, which involve both cerebral hemispheres and typically include a tonic phase of muscle rigidity followed by a clonic phase of rhythmic jerking. This is not a hallmark of focal impaired awareness seizures.
Choice B rationale
Complete loss of consciousness, meaning unresponsiveness to external stimuli, is characteristic of generalized seizures affecting both hemispheres from the onset. Focal impaired awareness seizures involve a change or impairment of consciousness, not necessarily a complete loss, hence the term "impaired awareness.”.
Choice C rationale
A dreamlike state, often described as déjà vu, fear, or a sense of unreality, is a common experiential alteration that can occur during the onset (aura) or ictal phase of a focal impaired awareness seizure, originating typically from the temporal lobe.
Choice D rationale
Sudden, unprovoked emotional outbursts such as fear, anxiety, or laughing (gelastic seizures) are frequently observed manifestations of focal seizures, especially those originating in the limbic system structures like the amygdala within the temporal lobe, reflecting the seizure's impact on emotional processing centers.
Choice E rationale
Automatisms are involuntary, repetitive, non-purposeful behaviors such as lip smacking, chewing, fidgeting, or walking that occur when a person's awareness is impaired during a seizure. They reflect the focal discharge interfering with cortical control over subcortical motor programs.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["604.8"]
Explanation
Step 1 is: Calculate the total volume of the fluid bolus in mL:. 12.6 kg × 20 mL/kg = 252 mL.
Step 2 is: Determine the time in hours for the infusion:. 25 minutes ÷ 60 minutes/hour = 0.4166. hour.
Step 3 is: Calculate the infusion rate in mL/hr:. 252 mL ÷ 0.4166. hour = 604.8 mL/hr.
Step 4 is: Round the answer to the nearest tenth:. 604.8 mL/hr. 604.8.
Correct Answer is ["B","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Risk for infection is a generalized diagnosis and is not specific to the hemodynamic consequences of a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The primary pathophysiology involves a left-to-right shunting of oxygenated blood leading to pulmonary overcirculation and systemic underperfusion, which are more critical issues.
Choice B rationale
A large PDA allows a significant volume of blood to shunt from the aorta (higher pressure) to the pulmonary artery (lower pressure). This diversion of systemic blood volume results in decreased systemic cardiac output and perfusion, leading to compensatory tachycardia and eventual heart failure.
Choice C rationale
Fluid volume deficit is incorrect. The left-to-right shunting in a large PDA causes increased pulmonary blood flow and pressure, leading to pulmonary congestion, which can manifest as fluid volume excess in the lungs and sometimes systemically, not a deficit.
Choice D rationale
The excessive blood flow shunting to the lungs due to a large PDA causes pulmonary overcirculation and pressure increase. This over-perfusion impairs alveolar-capillary gas exchange dynamics, leading to pulmonary edema and ventilation-perfusion mismatch, increasing the risk for impaired gas exchange.
Choice E rationale
The chronic strain on the heart from the increased volume and pressure load due to the large left-to-right shunt requires increased myocardial work. This leads to cardiac muscle fatigue and an inability to meet the body's metabolic demands during exertion, resulting in activity intolerance and poor weight gain.
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