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Which term describes a solution such as 0.9% NaCl (normal saline) relative to red blood cells?

A.

Isotonic

B.

Exotonic

C.

Hypotonic

D.

Hypertonic

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Isotonic: An isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as blood plasma; thus, 0.9% NaCl does not cause cells to shrink or swell.

 

B. Exotonic: "Exotonic" is not a recognized term in fluid balance or physiology.

 

C. Hypotonic: A hypotonic solution (like 0.45% NaCl) has a lower solute concentration than blood, causing water to move into cells, possibly leading to swelling.

 

D. Hypertonic: A hypertonic solution (like 3% NaCl) has a higher solute concentration than blood, causing water to leave cells and leading to cell shrinkage.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. The kidney senses decreased perfusion:

This occurs earlier in the RAAS sequence, triggering the release of renin — not the immediate next step after angiotensin I is produced.

B. Renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen:

This precedes the production of angiotensin I, not after.

C. Blood volume is raised and blood pressure is increased:

This is the final result of RAAS activation, not the step immediately following angiotensin I production.

D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme helps to produce angiotensin II in the lungs and to stimulate the adrenal gland to release aldosterone:

After angiotensin I is produced, it travels to the lungs where ACE converts it into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor that also triggers aldosterone release.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Lymphedema:

Lymphedema is localized fluid accumulation due to lymphatic obstruction, usually unilateral and not associated with dyspnea or heart failure signs.

B. Congestive heart failure (CHF):

CHF leads to fluid buildup (causing JVD, edema) and respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnea) due to impaired heart pumping.

C. Endocarditis:

Endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves, presenting more with fever, murmurs, and embolic signs, not classic CHF symptoms.

D. Atrial fibrillation:

AFib causes irregular heart rhythm, and may contribute to CHF, but on its own, AFib doesn’t cause pitting edema and JVD without underlying CHF.

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