a. Incorrect

This choice includes some relevant risk factors such as family history, hypertension, and age. However, it fails to include other significant risk factors such as smoking, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol, which are well-established contributors to heart disease.

b. Correct

This choice includes a comprehensive list of major risk factors for heart disease. It covers smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, family history, high cholesterol, and stress. These risk factors have been extensively studied and identified as significant contributors to the development of heart disease.

c. Incorrect

This choice includes some risk factors like high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking. However, it does not include other important factors such as family history,
hypertension, obesity, and stress, which are widely recognized as major risk factors for heart disease.

d. Incorrect

This choice includes some risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, stress, and high cholesterol. However, it fails to include other significant factors like smoking, hypertension, and family history, which are well-known risk factors for heart disease.

a. Incorrect

This choice suggests a left dorsalis pedis pulse of 2+/0-4+. However, since the left femoral pulse was documented as 0/0-4+, indicating no pulse, it is not expected for a pulse to be present in the left dorsalis pedis. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

b. Incorrect

This choice suggests a left dorsalis pedis pulse of 3+/0-4+. Again, since the left femoral pulse was documented as 0/0-4+, indicating no pulse, it is not expected for a pulse to be present in the left dorsalis pedis. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

c. Incorrect

This choice suggests a left dorsalis pedis pulse of 1+/0-4+. However, as mentioned earlier, the left femoral pulse was documented as 0/0-4+, indicating no pulse. Therefore, it is not expected for a pulse to be present in the left dorsalis pedis. This choice is incorrect.

d. Correct

This choice suggests a left dorsalis pedis pulse of 0/0-4+. Since the left femoral pulse was documented as 0/0-4+, indicating no pulse, it is expected that the left dorsalis pedis pulse will also be absent or diminished. Therefore, this choice is correct.

a. Incorrect

Ischemia caused by a complete blockage of an artery supplying the left leg would typically result in more severe and constant pain, even at rest. The fact that the pain disappears after resting for a few minutes suggests that the blood flow is temporarily restored. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

b. Correct

The description of pain in the left calf when exercising, which disappears after resting for a few minutes, is most consistent with claudication caused by partial blockage of an artery supplying the left leg. During exercise, the demand for oxygen-rich blood increases, but the narrowed or partially blocked artery is unable to supply enough blood, leading to ischemia and resulting pain. Resting allows the oxygen supply to catch up, relieving the pain. This is a characteristic feature of claudication, which is commonly associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

c. Incorrect

Claudication is not caused by venous abnormalities but rather by arterial insufficiency. Venous abnormalities in the left leg may result in symptoms such as swelling, discoloration, or a heavy, achy sensation, but not the pain associated with exercise and subsequent relief after rest. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

d. Incorrect

Venous obstruction of the left leg would typically present with different symptoms, such as swelling, discoloration, or pain that worsens with prolonged standing or sitting. The pattern of pain during exercise and relief after rest is not consistent with venous obstruction. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

a. Incorrect

While smoking is a risk factor for various health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, it is not considered the most significant risk factor for the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Other factors, such as immobility, surgery, or underlying medical conditions, have a stronger association with DVT. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

b. Incorrect

Taking anticoagulant medication, such as blood thinners, is actually a preventive measure for the development of DVT rather than a risk factor. Anticoagulants are
commonly prescribed to individuals at high risk of DVT to reduce the likelihood of blood clot formation. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

c. Incorrect

Rationale: Chemotherapy is associated with an increased risk of blood clot formation, including DVT. However, it is not the most significant risk factor for DVT. Other
factors, such as immobility or underlying medical conditions, may pose a higher risk. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

d. Correct

Prolonged bed rest or immobility is a well-known and significant risk factor for the development of DVT. When a person remains in the same position for an extended period, blood flow slows down, increasing the risk of clot formation. This risk is particularly high after four days of immobility. Therefore, this choice is correct.

a. Incorrect

Ischemia caused by a complete blockage of an artery supplying the left leg would typically result in constant pain, even at rest. The fact that the pain disappears after resting for a few minutes suggests that the blood flow is temporarily restored.
Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

b. Correct

The description of pain in the left calf when exercising, which disappears after resting for a few minutes, is most consistent with claudication caused by partial blockage of an artery supplying the left leg. During exercise, the demand for oxygen-rich blood
increases, but the narrowed or partially blocked artery is unable to supply enough blood, leading to ischemia and resulting pain. Resting allows the oxygen supply to catch up, relieving the pain. This is a characteristic feature of claudication, which is commonly associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD).

c. Incorrect

Claudication is not due to venous abnormalities in the left leg but rather arterial insufficiency. Venous abnormalities may result in symptoms such as swelling,
discoloration, or a heavy, achy sensation, but not the pain associated with exercise and subsequent relief after rest. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

d. Incorrect

Venous obstruction of the left leg would typically present with different symptoms, such as swelling, discoloration, or pain that worsens with prolonged standing or
sitting. The pattern of pain during exercise and relief after rest is not consistent with venous obstruction. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

a. Incorrect

Sore muscles typically result from overexertion or physical activity and are not typically associated with pain that specifically occurs during climbing stairs and is relieved by resting. The described pattern of pain and relief does not align with sore muscles. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

b. Correct

The description of pain in the left calf during stair climbing, which is relieved by sitting for a few minutes, is most consistent with claudication. Claudication refers to pain or cramping in the muscles, often in the calf, that occurs with exercise or activity and is relieved by rest. It is commonly caused by decreased blood flow due to arterial narrowing or blockage, typically seen in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The symptoms described by Paul Simon align with the classic features of claudication. Therefore, this choice is correct.

c. Incorrect

Rationale: Venous insufficiency typically presents with symptoms such as swelling, discoloration, or a heavy, achy sensation in the legs. It is not typically associated with pain during specific activities like climbing stairs. The described symptoms are not indicative of venous insufficiency. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.

d. Incorrect

Rationale: Muscle cramps are characterized by sudden and involuntary contractions of a muscle. While muscle cramps can occur during physical activity, they are not typically relieved by sitting and resting for a few minutes. The described pattern of pain and relief is not consistent with muscle cramps. Therefore, this choice is
incorrect.